·     Sampling consisted of two surface drilling phases:  Newmont 1979 to 1982 and Taronga Mines Pty Ltd (TMPL) 2022 to 2023.

·     Diamond drilling (DD) was used to obtain 1m samples of NQ3/HQ3 core which was sawn in half longitudinally. The half core was bagged and sent to a commercial laboratory for sample prep and assay. This is industry standard work.

·     The Newmont open hole percussion (OHP) and JACRO percussion drilling was used to obtain 1m samples. (a JACRO percussion rig was used to sample shallow areas with shallow angled drillholes).

·     The TMPL Reverse Circulation (RC) drilling was used to obtain 1m samples from a 4.5 inch diameter drill hole. This is industry standard work.

·     To ensure sample representivity all diamond drilling was triple tube.

·     To ensure sample representivity appropriate compressors were used for the OHP/JACRO/RC drilling to lift all the sample and prevent water inflows.

·     Mineralisation is characterised as sheeted quartz veins with minor cassiterite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite in hornfelsed metasediments. Veins are often hairline fractures and there is no obviously visible pervasive alteration associated with the hornfelsing. No discrete boundaries to the mineralisation are known to exist. All drilling samples were analysed and hence no prior determination of mineralisation was made.

·     Laboratory sample prep involved industry standard drying, weighing and crushing followed by splitting (where sample size was too large) and pulverising. For Newmont this was completed on site with analysis at a commercial laboratory, whilst for TMPL the sample prep and analysis was completed at a commercial laboratory. The subsequent pulp sample was analysed by an appropriate industry standard method for the time.

·    All core intervals are measured and compared with the drillers marks to determine actual recovery. Recovery was generally 100% apart from isolated intervals with poor ground conditions, generally either near surface or in fault zones. Average recovery for Newmont DD is 97.3% with average recovery for TMPL DD of 96.8%

·    All RC and OHP samples were weighed at site. This gives a good idea as to recovery for the 1m intervals sampled as the density does not vary significantly.  Recovery for the OHP was estimated to be very good in general. Semi quantitative analysis of the TMPL weighed RC samples indicated an average recovery >90%.

·    No information on the JACRO holes' recovery was available.

·    All diamond drilling used triple tube rods to maximise sample recovery.

·    There is some speculation by TMPL that the drilling and core cutting processes may have resulted in small scale loss of tin through washout associated with the vein margins and very small vughs in the tin-bearing veins. Conclusive evidence for this is lacking.

·    For the percussion drilling a high pressure and volume compressor was used to ensure good sample return and to keep holes dry. No significant water was encountered meaning sample quality was good. The hole was cleaned out with compressed air after every rod change and no significant volume of material was returned via this process.

·    No relationship can be seen between recovery and tin grade. No sample bias is noted.

·    Previous work by Mining One suggested that there was downhole smearing of tin grade associated with the JACRO drilling based on geostatistical work, but a review of the Newmont JACRO/DD twin hole drilling indicated no bias; check modelling without the JACRO drilling indicated no difference in global block grades. Visual inspection might suggest possible smearing but it is difficult to be certain. The JACRO holes were included in the Mineral Resource estimate.

Newmont drilling sample prep

·    NQ core was sawn in half longitudinally at 1m intervals with one half dispatched to Analabs Pty Limited ("Analabs") in Perth, Australia for assay. The half core selected for assay was crushed (size unknown) then ground to 500 microns from which a 100g sample was split and pulverized to less than 75 microns. A lab duplicate of each tenth sample was split and pulverised to check sample preparation and assaying reliability. These were appropriate, industry standard, sampling and sample preparation techniques for the time.

·    All 1m percussion drill samples were prepared for assay on site using four stages of size reduction comprising jaw crusher, rolls crusher, disc grinder and ring grinder (pulveriser), with sample splitting between stages in accord with Pierre Gy's "Particulate Sampling Procedures".  The pulverised material was dispatched to Analabs in Perth for assay.

·    A duplicate of each tenth sample was split and pulverised to check sample preparation and assaying reliability. These were appropriate, industry standard, sampling and sample preparation techniques at the time.

·    Duplicate samples showed that a majority of duplicate Sn assays deviated by less than 2.5% relative to perfect correlation.

TMPL drilling sample prep

·    HQ core was sawn in half longitudinally after fitting together of core across drillers breaks and a reference line marked on the core. A consistent side of the core is taken for sampling with the samples sent to the ALS laboratory in Brisbane, Australia.

·    All RC cuttings were weighed then riffle split on site to obtain between 3kg and 5kg of sample. All samples are dry. The sub-sample is sent to the ALS laboratory in Brisbane.

·    Core and RC chip sample prep consists of crushing to 70% passing 6mm with splitting used if crushed sample is over 3kg. The entire sample or sub-sample is then pulverized in a mill to 85% finer than 75µm.

·    Prior to dispatch of samples, the following QAQC samples are added:

o    Field duplicates are added at the rate of 1 in 20 samples for RC.  These are riffle split from the original sample on site.

o    For diamond drilling, the half core is split into two quarter cores every 1 in 20 samples and these are sent as field duplicates.

·    Sample sizes are considered appropriate for the material being sampled as the tin mineralisation occurs as cassiterite (SnO₂) within sub-vertical veins that are between 0.05mm and 0.5cm wide (rarely to 5cm) and cassiterite crystals are smaller than the vein width. Vein density varies from about 5/m to greater than 20/m and hence several veins are sampled in each metre. This compares favourably with the sample size that is approximately 10,000 cm³ for RC and 3,200cm³ for HQ core before sub-sampling.

·    No independent sizing checks were completed. The ALS Lab completed its own internal checks and reported the results.

Newmont

·    There is no information on any verification of significant intersections by either independent or alternative company personnel.

·    Geological interpretations were made using cross-sections and level plans. Mining One accepted the Northern Zone 101 and the Southern Zones of Payback, Payback Extended, Hillside and Hillside Extended were interpreted on cross-sections as reported in a Pre-feasibility Study prepared by Newmont Holdings Pty Ltd in 1982.

·    A small number of twinned holes (10 pairs) were completed by Newmont and comparison of length weighted intercepts indicated no obvious bias.

·    There is no information available on documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data verification, data storage. It is assumed all data was paper copies subsequently transcribed by AusTinMining using a data entry bureau service.

·    There are no reports of any adjustments made to the assay data, although it appears that some transcribed assay data was limited to 2 decimal places rendering very low grade data as zeroes.

TMPL

·    Simon Tear, a director of independent consultants H&S Consultants Pty Ltd, has viewed and verified all core from 6 DD holes.

·    Twinning of previous Newmont drillholes has included:

o  11 TMPL DD twins of Newmont DD Holes

o  2 TMPL DD twins of Newmont OPH holes

o  5 TMPL RC twins of Newmont OPH holes

·    Twin holes were selected to represent all zones of mineralisation and the length of the known deposit.

·    All results are within acceptable limits taking into account any possible nugget effect resulting from coarse cassiterite (noticed in three drill intersections). Due to the small number of high grade veins, top cutting of the high grade assays has a negligible effect on the overall grade.

·    All data is recorded on site in MSExcel spreadsheets and this is later transferred to an MSAccess database - the main data repository via cut and paste. Detailed protocols for data recording, logging codes etc are used. The assay data is received from the laboratory (ALS) via csv and pdf files with attached certificates. This may also be downloaded directly from the ALS website by the senior project geologist. The assay data is then merged using sample number. Detailed protocols for data recording, logging codes etc are used.

·    Assays below lower detection limits were substituted with half lower detection limit.

·    The Newmont drilling was nominally on a 50m by 50m pattern with 25m infill drilling in some areas.

·    The TMPL drilling completed in 2022/3 was nominally at the same 50m by 50m spacing.

·    Virtually all downhole sampling was 1m intervals from surface.

·    Data spacing is sufficient to establish the geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource estimation and classification procedures applied for this report.

·    No sample compositing has been applied.

·    Samples of Newmont drill core and percussion chips were bagged and tagged and shipped to the assay laboratory by independent third party transport. No further information is available.

·    A chain of custody was maintained for all TMPL drilling.

·    TMPL samples were placed in calico bags in groups of seven which were then wrapped in opaque polyweave bags, stacked on a palette and wrapped with pallet wrap and tape.

·    Samples sent to the lab via registered courier with tracking capabilities.

·    Samples arrive at the lab and were cross checked with a separate despatch form (electronically sent to ALS).

·    The project is secured by two granted tenements: EL8407 and ML 1774, both of which are currently in good standing. These are held 100% by TMPL. 

·    No joint ventures or other encumbrances are known. The underlying properties are freehold land owned 100% by TMPL apart from a block of Crown Land that covers part of the southern deposit area as defined by Newmont. 

·    The Crown Land is the only land subject to Native Title. No Native Title claims existed at the time the tenements were granted.

·    No national parks, historical sites or environmental constraints are known. Recent surveys have identified the "vulnerable" flora species Velvet Wattle. This is currently being avoided as much as possible and is not considered to be a major constraint moving forward.

·    The only royalty is the state of NSW royalty of 4% on tin mined.

·    The tin deposit is a sheeted vein style +/- copper-silver with horizontally and vertically extensive veins of quartz-mica-cassiterite-sulphide +/-fluorite-topaz occurring over a combined area of up to 2,700m by 270m. 

·    The veins vary in thickness from less than 0.5mm to 100mm but are generally between 1mm and 10mm thick and average about 20 veins per metre.

·    The host rock is hornfels derived by contact metamorphism of Permian aged metasediments by Triassic-aged granites. 

·    The source of mineralising fluids is interpreted to be an underlying intrusion of the Triassic Mole Leucogranite, a reduced, highly fractionated, A to I type granite. The metals of interest (Sn, Cu, Ag) are interpreted to have been enriched in the late magmatic fluid of this granite via enrichment of incompatible elements during fractional crystallisation. Breaching of the magma chamber during brittle faulting in an ENE orientation, a structural corridor, has tapped these enriched fluids which have subsequently deposited the metals due to changing temperature and pressure conditions and/or mixing with meteoric fluids.

·    No Exploration Results are being reported.

·    No Exploration Results are being reported.

·    A detailed feasibility study is currently in progress.  Bulk samples have been collected for metallurgical testwork and the testwork has shown that a saleable concentrate can be produced at reasonable recovery using simple off the shelf gravity techniques.

·      The Newmont drilling data was supplied by TMPL as an MSAccess database which had been compiled by the previous holders of the property, AusTinMining. This data was re-imported into an MSAccess database to allow for some error checking.

·      The TMPL recent drilling data was supplied as a series of CSV files which H&SC imported into the same MSAccess database as used for the Newmont drilling.

·      TMPL digital logging process involves android based Lenovo Tab M10 HD tablets. The tablet has a rugged plastic and rubber waterproof case and requires a pin code to unlock. The tablet has various templates stored on it for recording different data sets (RC logging, DDH logging, RQD's etc). All templates are MSExcel spreadsheets and operate via manually typing in the data on the tablet or utilizing pre-filled drop-down boxes.

·      Validation of the Newmont drilling by H&SC included original assay and logging sheet checks against the supplied digital data for a set of 13 randomly selected drillholes. Minor typographic errors were noted and fixed. Some of the methodology of transcribing the hard copy data could be improved.

·      H&SC completed some independent validation of the new data to ensure the drill hole database is internally consistent. Validation included checking that no assays or geological logs occur beyond the end of hole and that all drilled intervals have been geologically logged. The minimum and maximum values of assays and density measurements were checked to ensure values are within expected ranges. Further checks include testing for duplicate samples and overlapping sampling or logging intervals.

·      H&SC takes responsibility for the accuracy and reliability of the data used in the Mineral Resource estimates.

·      H&SC used the historic local N-S orthogonal grid for all interpretation and modelling work. For subsequent mine planning studies this work was rotated and converted to MGA94 Zone 56 using the Surpac 2 point grid transformation option.

·      The mineralisation comprises North Pit and South Pit zones with a relatively lower grade zone in between (partly the result of a lack of drilling and a change in the host lithology with possibly a change in the rheological properties of the host).

·      The North Pit comprises two higher grade elongate tin zones with an enveloping zone of lower grade tin forming a single mass. Whilst the South Pit comprises up to five distinct and well separated elongate tin-enriched zones with parallel strike and dip.

·      The host rock is the result of relatively uniform hornfelsing of either siltstone or sandstone.

·      Mineralisation consists of quartz-cassiterite veins from hairline fractures to veins up to 5-10cm thick. Chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite disseminations, blebs and veinlets are commonly associated with the tin-bearing veins. Minor pyrite zones are occasionally visible.

·      There is no obvious visible lithological or structural control to the tin mineralisation, save for a broad NE/SW striking enriched zone, presumably some form of structural corridor. The system has been interpreted as a sheeted vein deposit.

·      No geological interpretation per se has been completed as the tin grades define the tin mineralization in the rather amorphous-looking hornfels. Any wireframe for the tin mineralization would ultimately be a simple grade shell.

·      There is insufficient data to define with confidence any specific or significant fault structure.

·      A review of multi-element data from the recent drilling has allowed for the interpretation of a sodium depletion zone corresponding with a weak potassic enrichment as matching the definition of the tin mineralisation. The study also highlighted a lithogeochemical difference between the host rocks for the South and North Pits.

·      An oxidation surface, reflecting both complete and partial weathering, was developed by H&SC from logged historic and recent drilling data, with support from the multielement assays. Confidence in the surface is moderate as the data is incomplete and there is uncertainty as to whether weathering has formed a broad, horizontal front roughly parallel to the surface topography and/or that there are more isolated, penetrative fingers of weathering to greater depths via fault structures.

·      The drillhole database was composited with no constraints to 1m composites covering the whole of the prospect.

·      Ordinary Kriging (OK) with two search domains was used to complete the tin grade estimation using H&SC's in-house GS3M modelling software. The geological interpretation and block model creation and validation was completed using the Surpac mining software. H&SC considers OK to be an appropriate estimation technique for the type of mineralisation and extent of data available. The tin composite data has a relatively low coefficient of variation of approximately 1.6 (CV = standard deviation divided by the mean).

·      Regression equations based on newly available assay data were used to estimate missing copper, arsenic and sulphur composite values. The arsenic and sulphur datasets are a lot smaller in number compared to the copper and silver data. Correlation between the various elements was modest to weak but generated regression equations based on the tin grade, using the Conditional Expectation technique, resulted in plausible outcomes for Cu, As, Ag & S. It should be noted that the copper, arsenic, silver and sulphur are not reported as part of the Mineral Resources and that the numbers are generated from less data than that used in the tin Mineral Resources; the elements were modelled to allow for waste rock characterisation.  OK was also used to model these other elements.

·      A total of 35,176 1m composites, excluding residuals (137), were generated from the drillhole database and modelled for tin, copper, arsenic, silver & sulphur.

·      Grade interpolation was unconstrained, except by the search parameters and the variography, in acknowledgement of the gradational nature to the margins of the tin mineralisation and the abundance of peripheral assays.

·      There were very minor zones of unsampled core which were generally surrounded by very low grades and therefore did not require the insertion of very low grades. These areas were invariably allocated very low block grades from the subsequent grade interpolation.

·      The base of oxidation was treated as a soft boundary. No cover surface was created as the mineralisation is outcropping and is exposed in many places along its ridge line and flanks.

·      No top-cutting was applied as extreme values were considered by H&SC as not significant and therefore top-cutting was considered unnecessary.

·      An OK check model using the same composite data was completed using the OK option in Surpac. The outcome confirmed the original model. A check Multiple Indicator Kriging model (in the GS3M software) was completed using the same composite data. Again the outcome confirmed the original model. An OK check model without the JACRO composite data yielded very similar outcomes to the original Measured and Indicated Resources.

·      Block dimensions are 5m by 10m by 5m (Local E, N, RL respectively) with no sub-blocking. The north dimension was chosen as it is around half to a third of the nominal drillhole distances in the detailed drilled area of the South Pit. The east dimension was chosen to take into account the geometry and thickness of the mineralisation in the South Pit. The vertical dimension was chosen to reflect the sample spacing and possible mining bench heights and to allow for flexibility in potential mining scenarios.

·      Two search domains were employed, one for the South Pit (domain 1) and another for the North Pit (domain 2) respectively, reflecting a modest change in strike between the two zones.

·      All elements were modelled as a combined dataset. 5 search passes were employed with progressively larger radii or decreasing data point criteria. The Pass 1 used radii of 35m by 35m by 5m (along strike, down dip and across mineralisation respectively), Passes 2, 3 and 4 used 50m by 50m by 10m, 70m by 70m by 10m & 100m by 100m by 20m respectively, Minimum number of data was 12, maximum number of data was 32 with a minimum of 4 octants. A fifth pass used 100m by 100m by 20m with a minimum of 6 data points from at least 2 octants.

·      The maximum extrapolation for the Mineral Resources was in the order of 100m down dip and 100m along strike to the NE.

·      The resource estimates are controlled by the data point distribution, the variography, block size and the search ellipse. Conventional use of wireframes to control the mineralisation was not considered necessary. A preliminary resource model had been completed prior to the 2022/3 drilling to ascertain likely dilution grades for peripheral material to the main tin mineralisation with the subsequent infill drilling results generally matching this preliminary model. 

·      The new block model was reviewed visually by H&SC and it was concluded that the block model fairly represents the grades observed in the drill holes. H&SC also validated the block model using a variety of summary statistics and statistical plots. No issues were noted.

·      Comparison with the 2013 resource estimates indicated a larger tonnage for the 2023 Mineral Resource at approximately the same tin grade. The main increase in tonnage was for the South Pit due to the modelling method extrapolating much further than the rather tight wireframes that were used previously to constrain the mineralisation.  The increase is also mainly the result of the additional exploratory TMPL drilling to the south west. Also greater confidence in the Newmont drilling data has been achieved with the twin holes and the repeat adit sampling to allow for Measured Resource to be categorised.

·      The resources are reported at a tin cut-off of 0.05% based on the outcome of a recently completed throughput study by independent mining consultants AMDAD of Brisbane.

·      The cut-off grade at which the resource is quoted reflects the intended bulk-mining approach.

·      Industry standard processing is envisaged for the deposit.

·    A processing flowsheet has been proposed that will involve comminution, gravity separation and floatation to generate a tin concentrate.

·      The hardness of ore material is at a manageable level.

·      Initial testwork has demonstrated that penalty elements can be limited to acceptable levels.

·    Waste products from processing can suitably be dealt with.

·    Original bulk density measuring work completed by Newmont used single pieces of core subjected to the weight in air/weight in water method (Archimedes Principle). The result was a set of default densities: 2.8t/m³ for 'ore' (>0.1%Sn) and 2.7t/m³ for waste.

·    The 2013 Mining One estimate used a global default of 2.75t/m³.

·    Work completed by TMPL used a weight in air/weight in water procedure on 415 samples of diamond core. The average value was 2.75t/m³.

·    Core inspection indicated very competent core with no significant vughs.

·    H&SC subdivided the samples using the base of oxidation surface to ascertain the impact of surface weathering on the density. The impact was marginal with slightly lower values in the oxidized zone as would be expected. Default values were inserted into the block model for oxide and fresh rock that had interpolated grades for the North Pit, and the Hillside and Payback subdivisions of the South Pit.

·    A density of 2.65t/m³ was applied to all 'waste' i.e. blocks with no interpolated tin grade.

·      No audits or reviews have been completed.