·    Details of drilling for the general area:

Newmont

·    DD were collared HQ or with OHP, reducing to NQ triple tube once solid ground was met. Triple tube drilling was employed to maximise core recovery and minimise the loss of cassiterite. Core was not oriented.

·    OHP drilling was originally undertaken using a high pressure Schramm rig. Later percussion drilling, including all drillholes in the PG 400 series, used a high pressure T-3 rig with a 140mm tungsten bit. The rig was equipped with a primary cyclone connected to a manifold at the collar for sample recovery.  A secondary Donaldson filter was attached to the outlet of the primary cyclone to collect minus 5 micrometre dust.

·    A modified JACRO percussion rig equipped with a vacuum sample recovery system was used exclusively for Newmont's shallow angle drilling.

TMPL

·    Diamond drilling was undertaken using an HQ bit with a soft matrix.  Triple tube drill rods were used to ensure good core recovery and avoid washing out of cassiterite. Core was not oriented.

·    Percussion drilling was undertaken using a face sampling 4.5 inch "Black Diamond" hammer, 137mm PED (polycarbonate diamond) bit and a 4.5 inch, 6m stainless steel rod. A tight shroud (3mm gap) ensured the holes remained as straight as possible. A 350psi, 900cfm compressor was used to keep holes dry and ensure all heavy minerals such as cassiterite are recovered.

·    All samples have been geologically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate mineral estimation, mining, and metallurgical studies. 

·    The TMPL diamond holes have been geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate mineral estimation, mining, and metallurgical studies

·    All drill core logging is both qualitative and quantitative in nature, with the TMPL logging following a strict set of guidelines. The entire length each hole has been logged.

·    The Newmont drilling was completed as hardcopy logsheets which were transcribed into a digital format in 2013 by AusTin Mining. All TMPL core was digitally logged and has been photographed.

·    All RC, OHP and JACRO logging is semi-quantitative in nature, with the TMPL RC drilling following a strict set of guidelines, with percentage estimates made. Representative sub-samples were collected, sieved and selectively panned to visually estimate heavy mineral content. A sub-set of rock chips for each RC sample are kept in chip-trays for reference and stored on site.

Newmont

·    All Sn assays were performed by taking 10g samples from the 100g pulverised samples. The samples were analysed for Sn using pressed powder X-ray fluorescence at Analabs, Perth. Pressed powder X-ray fluorescence was the industry standard for Sn analysis at the time.

·    Comparison of Sn assays of samples from diamond drill and percussion holes was good and no bias between the two sets of analyses is evident.

·    For every 30 samples, four standards were inserted on rotation. In addition, every tenth sample was an assayed lab duplicate.

·    Selected samples were check assayed at other laboratories and using other assay methods, including an XRF method developed by Cleveland Tin Limited in Tasmania which was a significant Australian tin producer at the time. The checks confirmed that Analab's procedures were satisfactory and that sample preparation and assay quality were consistently maintained by Analabs.

TMPL

·    All Sn assays were performed on a 0.1g sub-sample of the pulverised and mixed material, which was taken and fused with lithium borate. The fused bead is then analysed by a mass spectrometer using method ME-MS85 which reports Sn, W, Ta and Nb. This returns a total tin content, including tin as cassiterite. Over limit assays of tin are re-analysed using method ME-XRF15b which involves fusion with lithium metaborate with a lithium tetraborate flux containing 20% NaNO₃ with an XRF finish.

·    Other elements are analysed by method ME-ICP61 using a 0.25g sub-sample. This involves a 4 acid digest with an ICP-AES finish. This is an industry standard technique for a suite of 34 elements, including tin, copper, arsenic, sulphur and silver. The tin assay is only acid soluble tin and thus can be subtracted from the fusion tin assays to obtain tin as cassiterite. Acid soluble tin is generally associated with stannite and in the lattice of silicates. The acid soluble tin is generally insignificant in relation to tin as cassiterite at Taronga.

·    Prior to dispatch of samples, the following QAQC samples were added:

o    4 Certified Reference Materials (527 samples), representative of the expected grades were inserted into the sample suite at the rate of 1 in 35 samples.

o    Coarse Blanks (362 samples) were inserted at the rate of 1 in 35 samples.

·    If results for the CRMs indicated a >5% assay error, the sample was compared with other CRMs in the same batch. If other CRMs indicated similar errors the lab was contacted to review.

·    All QAQC data is within acceptable limits.

Newmont

·    Drill hole collars were located by theodolite traverses by qualified surveyors.

·    A local grid parallel to the strike of the mineralisation was used. Local grid north has a bearing of 055.103^O true. A 3.5km baseline was surveyed with surveyed cross-lines at 100m intervals.

·    Holes were surveyed down-hole for azimuth and dip using down-hole cameras with a range of downhole depths from 15m to 50m. Given the generally non-magnetic nature of the mineralisation and the host rocks, this was a reasonable survey method.

·    Topographic maps at 1:1000 scale were prepared by Australian Aerial Mapping. The maps were related to the local grid.

TMPL

·    All hole collars are accurately surveyed post drilling with an RTK GPS (+/-0.1m accuracy).

·    All DD are surveyed downhole at 30m intervals using Axis Champ Gyroscope. 

·    All 2023 RC holes are surveyed downhole at 30m intervals using a single shot Trushot Digital survey tool including a surface collar dip and azimuth measurement.

·    All 2025 RC holes had a DeviAligner surveying tool to set azimuth and declination at the collar. Down hole surveys were then completed nominally at 30m intervals with a Reflex OMNIx42 - Multishot surveying tool.

·    The grid system used is GDA94, zone 56. 

·    Topography is obtained via a LiDAR survey flown in late 2022 and is to sub-10cm accuracy.

·    All data was converted to local grid by H&SC for resource estimation work.

·   H&SC undertook field measurement of 20 drill collars from both phases using a hand held GPS.  Average discrepancy was 0.5m in the easting and 0.5m in the northing.

·    The drilling is oriented at 90° to the strike of the sheeted vein system.

·    The vein system is sub-vertical and the drilling is angled between -25° and -60° to be as close as possible to cutting across the veins at 90°. Due to difficulties drilling at very shallow angles, especially with RC, a default angle of -60° was adopted for the later TMPL drillholes.

·    As drilling was designed to cut the main sheeted vein system at as high an angle as possible, the potential for any introduced sampling bias is considered minor.

·    The project is secured by two granted tenements: EL8407 and ML 1774, both of which are currently in good standing. These are held 100% by TMPL. 

·    No joint ventures or other encumbrances are known. The underlying properties are freehold land owned 100% by TMPL apart from a block of Crown Land that covers part of the southern deposit area as defined by Newmont.  

·    The Crown Land is the only land subject to Native Title. No Native Title claims existed at the time the tenements were granted.

·    No national parks, historical sites or environmental constraints are known. Recent surveys have identified the "vulnerable" flora species Velvet Wattle. This is currently being avoided as much as possible and is not considered to be a major constraint moving forward.

·    The only royalty is the state of NSW royalty of 4% on tin mined.

·    Detailed exploration and feasibility studies were undertaken by Newmont between 1979 and 1984. These have been used where applicable.

·    This work was undertaken to a high standard and all data is considered to be usable.

·    The tin deposit is a sheeted vein style +/- copper-silver with horizontally and vertically extensive veins of quartz-mica-cassiterite-sulphide +/-fluorite-topaz occurring over a combined area of up to 2,700m by 270m. 

·    The veins vary in thickness from less than 0.5mm to 100mm but are generally between 1mm and 10mm thick. They average about 20 veins per metre in the mineral zones.

·    The host rock is hornfels derived by contact metamorphism of Permian-aged metasediments by Triassic-aged granites. 

·    The source of mineralising fluids is interpreted to be an underlying intrusion of the Triassic Mole Leucogranite, a reduced, highly fractionated, A to I type granite. The metals of interest (Sn, Cu, Ag) are interpreted to have been enriched in the late magmatic fluid of this granite via enrichment of incompatible elements during fractional crystallisation. Breaching of the magma chamber during brittle faulting in an ENE orientation, producing a structural corridor, leading to a tapping of these enriched fluids which have subsequently deposited the metals due to changing temperature and pressure conditions and/or mixing with meteoric fluids.

·   No Exploration Results are being reported.

·    No Exploration Results are being reported.

·    As mineralisation is sub-vertical and while holes dip at between -25° and -60°, actual true widths vary from 88% to 50% of interval widths.

·    No Exploration Results are being reported.

·    No Exploration Results are being reported.

·    No Exploration Results are being reported.

·    Bulk samples have been collected for metallurgical testwork with the testwork showing that a saleable concentrate can be produced at reasonable recoveries using simple off the shelf gravity techniques.

·    Geotechnical, groundwater and rock characteristics, including waste rock, studies are also in progress

·      The Newmont drilling data was supplied by TMPL as an MSAccess database which had been compiled by the previous holders of the property, AusTinMining. This data was re-imported into an MSAccess database to allow for some error checking.

·      The TMPL recent drilling data was supplied as a series of CSV files which H&SC imported into its MSAccess database (as used for the Newmont drilling).

·      TMPL digital logging process involves android based Lenovo Tab M10 HD tablets. The tablet has a rugged plastic and rubber waterproof case and requires a pin code to unlock. The tablet has various templates stored on it for recording different data sets (RC logging, DDH logging, RQD's etc). All templates are MSExcel spreadsheets and operate via manually typing in the data on the tablet or utilizing pre-filled drop-down boxes.

·      Validation of the Newmont drilling by H&SC included original assay and logging sheet checks against the supplied digital data for a set of 13 randomly selected drillholes. Minor typographic errors were noted and fixed. Some of the methodology of transcribing the hard copy data could be improved.

·      H&SC completed some independent validation of the new data to ensure the drill hole database is internally consistent. Validation included checking that no assays or geological logs occur beyond the end of hole and that all drilled intervals have been geologically logged. The minimum and maximum values of assays and density measurements were checked to ensure values are within expected ranges. Further checks include testing for duplicate samples and overlapping sampling or logging intervals.

·      H&SC takes responsibility for the accuracy and reliability of the data used in the Mineral Resource estimates.

·      H&SC used the historic local N-S orthogonal grid for all interpretation and modelling work. For subsequent mine planning studies this work was rotated and converted to MGA94 Zone 56 using the Surpac 2 point grid transformation option.

·      Two site visits were completed by Simon Tear of H&SC, in October 2022 during the recent drilling campaign and again in June 2023 to review newly drilled diamond core and other aspects of the sample data collection phase.

·      The October 2022 visit involved inspection of both ongoing diamond and RC drilling operations. A check on collar coordinates for 20 holes including both historic and recent holes was completed. A review of chip trays for 2 RC drillholes was also undertaken. Inspection of the trial adit and its recent TMPL sampling was also completed.

·      The June 2023 visit involved inspection of 6 DD holes from the recent hole twinning programme designed by TMPL to test previous results from the Newmont drilling. The inspection confirmed the geology, mineralisation and assay grades at Taronga as comprising thin, cassiterite-bearing veins, in a sheeted vein system, hosted within hornfels rock.

·      The mineralisation comprises North Pit and South Pit zones with a relatively lower grade zone in between. This lower grade zone is partly the result of a lack of drilling and a change in the host lithology with possibly a change in the rheological properties of the host.

·      The North Pit comprises two higher grade elongate tin zones with an enveloping zone of lower grade tin mineralisation forming a single mass. Whilst the South Pit comprises up to five distinct and well separated elongate tin-enriched zones with parallel strike and dip.

·      The host rock is the result of relatively uniform hornfelsing of either siltstone or sandstone.

·      Mineralisation consists of quartz-cassiterite veins from hairline fractures to veins up to 5-10cm thick. Chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite disseminations, blebs and veinlets are commonly associated with the tin-bearing veins. Minor pyrite zones are occasionally visible.

·      There is no obvious visible lithological or structural control to the tin mineralisation, save for a broad NE/SW striking enriched zone, presumably some form of structural corridor. The system has been interpreted as a sheeted vein deposit.

·      No geological interpretation per se for the mineralisation has been completed as the tin grades define the tin mineralisation in the rather amorphous-looking hornfels. Any wireframe for the tin mineralisation would ultimately be a simple grade shell.

·      There is insufficient data to define with confidence any specific or significant fault structure playing a role in the control of mineralisation.

·      A review of multi-element data from the recent drilling has allowed for the interpretation of a sodium depletion zone corresponding with a weak potassic enrichment as matching the definition of the tin mineralisation. The study also highlighted a lithogeochemical difference between the host rocks for the South and North Pit areas.

·      An oxidation surface, reflecting both complete and partial weathering, was developed by H&SC from logged historic and recent drilling data, with support from the multielement assays. Confidence in the surface is moderate as the data is incomplete and there is uncertainty as to whether weathering has formed a broad, horizontal front roughly parallel to the surface topography and/or that there are more isolated, penetrative fingers of weathering to greater depths via fault structures.

·      The Mineral Resources have a strike length of around 2.7km in a north easterly (grid north) direction. The plan width of the resource varies from 200m to 400m with an average of around 270m. The upper limit of the mineralisation is exposed with the fresh rock generally occurring around 20m below surface and the lower limit of the Mineral Resources extends to an approximate depth of 550m below surface (400mRL). 

·      The lower limit to the Mineral Resource is a direct function of the depth limitations to the drilling in conjunction with the search parameters. The mineralisation is open at depth and laterally to the southwest, beyond the South Pit zone.

·      The drillhole database was composited with no constraints to 1m composites covering the whole of the prospect.

·      Ordinary Kriging (OK) with two search domains was used to complete the tin grade estimation using H&SC's in-house GS3M modelling software. The geological interpretation and block model creation and validation was completed using the Surpac mining software. H&SC considers OK to be an appropriate estimation technique for the type of mineralisation and extent of data available. The tin composite data has a relatively low coefficient of variation of approximately 1.6 (CV = standard deviation divided by the mean).

·      Regression equations based on newly available assay data were used to estimate missing copper, arsenic and sulphur values. The arsenic and sulphur datasets are a lot smaller in number compared to the copper and silver data. Correlation between the various elements was modest to weak but generated regression equations using the Conditional Expectation technique resulted in plausible outcomes. It should be noted that the copper, arsenic, silver and sulphur are not reported as part of the Mineral Resources and that the numbers are generated from less data than that used in the tin Mineral Resources; the elements were modelled to allow for waste rock characterisation.

·      A total of 42,747 1m composites, excluding residuals (137), were generated from the drillhole database and modelled for tin, copper, arsenic, silver & sulphur.

·      Grade interpolation was unconstrained, except by the search parameters and the variography, in acknowledgement of the gradational nature to the margins of the tin mineralisation and the abundance of buffering low grade peripheral assays.

·      There were very minor zones of unsampled core which were generally surrounded by very low grades and therefore did not require the insertion of very low grades. These areas were invariably allocated very low block grades from the subsequent grade interpolation.

·      The base of oxidation was treated as a soft boundary. No cover surface was created as the mineralisation is outcropping and is exposed in many places along its ridge line and flanks.

·      No top-cutting was applied as extreme values were considered by H&SC as not significant (an noting the low CV) and therefore top-cutting was considered unnecessary.

·      Block dimensions are 5m by 10m by 5m (Local E, N, RL respectively) with no sub-blocking. The north dimension was chosen as it is around half to a third of the nominal drillhole distances in the detailed drilled area of the South Pit. The east dimension was chosen to take into account the geometry and thickness of the mineralisation in the South Pit. The vertical dimension was chosen to reflect the sample spacing and possible mining bench heights and to allow for flexibility in potential mining scenarios.

·      Two search domains were employed, one for the South Pit (domain 1) and another for the North Pit (domain 2) respectively, reflecting a modest change in strike between the two zones.

·      All elements were modelled as a combined dataset. 5 search passes were employed with progressively larger radii or decreasing data point criteria. The Pass 1 used radii of 35m by 35m by 5m (along strike, down dip and across mineralisation respectively), Passes 2, 3 and 4 used 50m by 50m by 10m, 70m by 70m by 10m & 100m by 100m by 20m respectively, Minimum number of data was 12, maximum number of data was 32 with a minimum of 4 octants. A fifth pass used 100m by 100m by 20m with a minimum of 6 data points from at least 2 octants.

·      The maximum extrapolation for the Mineral Resources was in the order of 100m down dip and 100m along strike to the NE.

·      The resource estimates are controlled by the data point distribution, the variography, block size and the search ellipse. Conventional use of wireframes to control the mineralisation was not considered necessary. A preliminary resource model had been completed prior to the 2022/3 drilling to ascertain likely dilution grades for peripheral material to the main tin mineralisation with the subsequent infill drilling results generally matching this preliminary model.  

·      The new block model was reviewed visually by H&SC and it was concluded that the block model fairly represents the grades observed in the drill holes. H&SC also validated the block model using a variety of summary statistics and statistical plots. No issues were noted.

·      Previous work for the 2023 MRE included check models comprising an OK check model using the same composite data was completed using the OK option in Surpac. The outcome confirmed the original model. A check Multiple Indicator Kriging model (in the GS3M software) was completed using the same composite data. Again the outcome confirmed the original model. An OK check model without the JACRO composite data yielded very similar outcomes to the original Measured and Indicated Resources.

·      Comparison with the 2023 estimates for a 0.05% Sn cut-off, indicates an approximate 0.75% decrease in the size of the resource with a very modest drop in tin grade (-1%). The decrease in tonnes is potentially mainly due to a slight drop in density (by 0.62%). The main change is the increase in Measured and Indicated by 19% with a corresponding drop in tin grade of 5.3% but a total increase by 13% of contained tin metal. The increase in size is a response to the infill drilling on the periphery of the deposit.

·      Comparison with the 2013 resource estimates indicated a larger tonnage for the 2023 Mineral Resource at approximately the same tin grade. The main increase in tonnage was for the South Pit due to the modelling method extrapolating much further than the rather tight wireframes that were used previously to constrain the mineralisation. The increase is also mainly the result of the additional exploratory TMPL drilling to the south west. Also greater confidence in the Newmont drilling data was achieved with the twin holes and the repeat adit sampling to allow for Measured Resource to be categorised.

·      Tonnages of the Mineral Resources are estimated on a dry weight basis.

·      The resources are reported at a tin cut-off of 0.05% based on the outcome of a recently completed throughput study by independent mining consultants AMDAD of Brisbane.

·      The cut-off grade at which the resource is quoted reflects the intended bulk-mining approach.

·      The Mineral Resources were estimated on the assumption that the material is to be mined by open pit using a bulk mining method.

·      The proposed mining method is a conventional drill & blast, truck & excavator with extracted material sent to an on-site ROM pad with a processing plant adjacent to the planned pit.

·      Minimum mining dimensions are envisioned to be around 10m by 5m by 5m (strike, across strike, vertical respectively). The block size is relatively larger than the likely minimum mining dimensions.

·      The resource estimation includes internal mining dilution.

·      A processing flowsheet has been proposed that will involve comminution, gravity separation and floatation to generate a tin concentrate.

·      The hardness of ore material is at a manageable level.

·      The testwork has shown that a saleable tin concentrate can be produced using a simple coarse gravity flowsheet comprising:

o  crushing to -6mm

o  screening at 0.6mm

o  jigging of plus 0.6mm fraction with concentrate and middlings ground to -0.6mm

o  recombining ground jig cons/mids with screen undersize followed by cyclone classification and spiral separation

o  re-grind of spiral concentrate/middlings followed by sulphide flotation to remove sulphides

o  dressing via magnetic separation and shaking tables.

·      Recoveries of 55-60% tin have been confirmed, with additional recoveries possible via a fine tin recovery circuit

·      Tin concentrate grades of over 60% (up to 73%) Sn (dominantly as cassiterite) have been produced with acceptable penalty element concentrations Initial testwork has demonstrated that penalty elements can be limited to acceptable levels.

·    Waste products from processing can suitably be dealt with.

·      The deposit lies within hilly, open country typical of the NSW Northern Tablelands.

·      Land use is predominantly cattle grazing on native or improved pasture.

·      There are limited flat areas for waste and tailings disposal. Most likely sites are north of a ridge line just north of the proposed pits.

·      There are a small number of creeks with seasonal flows.

·      The host rocks have relatively low sulphur contents.

·      A full environmental impact assessment has been completed and lodged with the DPHI. This has been put on public exhibition with only 5 objections recorded, meaning the project does not need to go through the Independent Planning Commission (IPC) process. Various government departments have made submissions regarding development consent conditions, and these are currently being addressed by TMPL. 

·    Original bulk density measuring work completed by Newmont used single pieces of core subjected to the weight in air/weight in water method (Archimedes Principle). The result was a set of default densities: 2.8t/m³ for 'ore' (>0.1%Sn) and 2.7t/m³ for waste.

·    The 2013 Mining One estimate used a global default of 2.75t/m³.

·    Work completed by TMPL used a weight in air/weight in water procedure on 415 samples of diamond core. The average value was 2.75t/m³.

·    Core inspection indicated very competent core with no significant vughs.

·    H&SC subdivided the samples using the base of oxidation surface to ascertain the impact of surface weathering on the density. The impact was marginal with slightly lower values in the oxidized zone as would be expected. Default values were inserted into the block model for oxide and fresh rock that had interpolated grades for the North Pit, and the Hillside and Payback subdivisions of the South Pit.

·    A density of 2.65t/m³ was applied to all 'waste' i.e. blocks with no interpolated tin grade.

·      The classification of the resource estimates is based on the data point distribution which is a function of the drillhole spacing.

·      A defined shape was used for the Measured Resource in the North Pit in order to remove a 'spotted dog' effect.

·      Other aspects have been considered in the classification including, the style of mineralisation, the geological model, validation of the historic drilling, sampling methods and recoveries, non-sampled zones, the QAQC programme and results and comparison with previous resource estimates.

·      H&SC believes the confidence in tonnage and grade estimates, the continuity of geology and grade, and the distribution of the data reflect Measured, Indicated and Inferred categorisation. The estimates appropriately reflect the Competent Person's view of the deposit. H&SC has assessed the reliability of the input data and takes responsibility for the accuracy and reliability of the data used to estimate the Mineral Resources.

·      No audits or reviews have been completed.