2 June 2026

BSF Enterprise PLC

Publication of Technical White Paper on T-Rex Leather™

BSF Enterprise PLC ("BSF" or the "Company"), a biotech platform company driving a bio-sustainable future , is pleased to announce that its subsidiary, Lab-Grown Leather Ltd ("LGL") , has published a comprehensive technical white paper titled "Facts Behind T-Rex Leather™". Link to paper can be found here: https://bsfenterprise.com/research

The document details the foundational engineering biology, structural performance benefits, and luxury sector market potential of the company's proprietary T-Rex Leather™ product line. Authored by BSF Enterprise's Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Ricardo Gouveia, PhD - a leading biochemist with over 50 peer-reviewed publications and 30 patents - the publication highlights how BSF's underlying platform technology is successfully scaling beyond medical applications into highly disruptive, zero-waste premium materials.

The key commercial drivers to this bio-material engineering milestone include:

1. Recreation of T-Rex Collagen:

●     The T-Rex Leather™ project began with the isolation of soft tissue from 68-million-year-old T. rex fossils. Only fragments of the collagen protein were recovered, so advanced AI-powered protein modeling was used to reconstruct the full sequence, resulting in a version called Gen4-3. This sequence had enhanced structural features, such as higher lysine content for stronger protein bonds.

●     The reconstructed protein sequence was converted into DNA, optimized, and inserted into animal cell lines to express functional T-Rex collagen.

2. Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering:

●     Using LGL's proprietary Advanced Tissue Engineering Platform (ATEP™), the team cultivated skin tissue from cells expressing T-Rex collagen. Unlike other methods, this process is scaffold-free, meaning no synthetic or animal-derived scaffolds are used. Instead, cells grow in a crowded liquid medium that mimics natural conditions, resulting in a dense, authentic skin matrix.

●     This approach allows for the production of skin tissues of any size or thickness within weeks, using sustainable, non-toxic tanning methods. The resulting T-Rex Leather™ is strong, customisable, and environmentally friendly.

3. Industrial Scaling and Business Model:

●     The ATEP™ platform offers cost and efficiency advantages by reducing the need for expensive growth factors and eliminating the need for scaffolds. This enables LGL to move quickly from boutique production to high-volume supply and licensing agreements.

●     The technology allows for precise tuning of the leather's properties, making it suitable for various luxury and industrial applications.

4. Impact on the Luxury Sector:

●     T-Rex Leather™ challenges traditional luxury paradigms by offering a material that is not a replica but a "resurrected" resource, creating a new narrative of exclusivity.

●     The product is fully biodegradable, cruelty-free, plastic-free, and traceable, addressing both luxury and sustainability demands.

5. Market Positioning:

●     LGL targets the ultra-luxury segment first, using high-margin, exclusive products to fund further development and scaling. This strategy is designed to attract attention from elite brands and facilitate broader commercial adoption.

●     The technology positions LGL to capitalise on the growing global leather and smart textiles markets, offering a sustainable alternative to animal and petrochemical-based materials.

Consequently, the underlying ATEP™ technology (which can be applied to many other forms of cultivated leather) can transition seamlessly from producing bespoke art objects into fulfilling lucrative, high-volume supply agreements across the massive global leather goods and smart textile markets, permanently redefining the industrial reliance on animal agriculture while entirely avoiding the crutch of petrochemical plastics.

The board views the publication of this white paper as a key commercial validation event , demonstrating that BSF's technology is thoroughly validated and operational, and ready to capture substantial value within expanding global verticals.

Ends

Investor hub link: https://bsfenterprise.com/link/P3a56e

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About BSF Enterprise PLC

BSF Enterprise PLC (LSE:BSFA; OTCQB: BSFAF) develops and commercialises cutting-edge tissue-engineered solutions, including lab-grown leather (via LGL), cultivated meat, and corneal repair technologies. By leveraging its proprietary scaffold-free ATEP™ platform, BSF delivers sustainable, high-performance alternatives to conventional materials, targeting global markets where provenance, ethics, and performance are increasingly prized by consumers and brands alike.