NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

 

NOTE 1         -     NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND GENERAL

ETHERNITY NETWORKS LTD. (hereinafter: the "Company"), was incorporated in Israel on the 15th of December 2003 as Neracore Ltd. The Company changed its name to ETHERNITY NETWORKS LTD. on the 10th of August 2004.

 

Ethernity Networks provides innovative data processing and Passive Optical Network ("PON") semiconductor technology for networking appliances. The Company's comprehensive networking and security solutions deliver a full Carrier Ethernet Switch Router data plane and control software, featuring a rich set of networking capabilities, robust security, and a wide array of virtual function accelerations to optimize telecommunications networks.

 

Ethernity's semiconductor technology has been deployed in both FPGA and ASIC form factors and has been integrated into over one million networking platforms worldwide. Its complete, flexible solutions adapt rapidly to customers' evolving needs, reducing time-to-market and enabling efficient deployment of 5G, edge computing, mobile backhaul, carrier Ethernet, broadband access networks, and various NFV appliances including 5G UPF, vRouter, and vBNG.

 

In June 2017, Ethernity completed its Initial Public Offering ("IPO") and was admitted to trading on the AIM Market of the London Stock Exchange under the symbol "ENET." The Company initially targeted the Open RAN (Radio Access Network) market-an initiative promoted by service providers to encourage multi-vendor interoperability-by developing a programmable FPGA SmartNIC to accelerate 5G data plane functions such as 5G UPF and vRouter.

 

However, the Open RAN market has not yet matured as expected. Operators continue to deploy mobile networks using end-to-end solutions from single vendors, limiting multi-vendor adoption. In response, Ethernity repurposed its FPGA NIC designs to run on its standalone hardware platform (UEP) and integrated its patented Layer 1 (L1) wireless link bonding technology. This innovation has garnered significant interest from leading wireless backhaul OEMs, positioning the Company to pursue new high-value opportunities.

 

On 12 October 2023, the Company voluntarily applied to the court in Tel Aviv, Israel for a Temporary Suspension of Proceedings order ("TSP") and the convening of a meeting of creditors in accordance with the Israeli Insolvency and Economic Rehabilitation Law. This TSP order, which was granted by the court, was requested by the Company to protect the Company's business, as the Company experienced liquidity issues from the delay in payments from expected debtors. At the time of this application, the Company's cash balance was approximately $107,000, while the creditors amounts due approximated $1.6 million. The TSP order prevented the creditors of the Company from enforcing any payments due to them.

 

Following an equity raise in December 2023 and the collection of funds from the Company's debtors, the Company was able to make a settlement proposal, whereby valid creditors at the time of the TSP order, will be repaid in full per the timetable and conditions of the TSP court approved settlement plan over a period of 12 months. Guaranteed and priority creditors would have priority for repayment, followed by general creditors. The creditors approved this proposal which was endorsed by the court on 4 February 2024 and the Company exited the TSP process. As at 31 December 2024 the Company has fully repaid its guaranteed creditors and partially paid the priority creditors, all in compliance with the settlement plan. In May 2025, the Company completed all the payments due to all the creditors under the settlement plan. Following the conclusion of the TSP, and the settlement plan, the Company continues to undertake its business and operations as usual with no restrictions. Subsequently, the Israeli court ruled to defer part of the amount due to the settlement manager for the creditors. That amount is approximately $20,000 as of the date of these financial statements.

 

Following extensive testing conducted during 2024 by Tier-1 OEM vendors of the Company's UEP solution, which incorporates its patented Layer 1 (L1) link-bonding technology, several vendors approached the Company in Q4 2024 with a request to develop an Application-Specific Standard Product (ASSP) tailored for mobile backhaul transmission over microwave and E-Band networks.

The proposed ASSP was designed to address key requirements across the wireless backhaul, carrier switch/router (CSR), Carrier Ethernet, and broadband access markets, positioning the Company to deliver high-performance, cost-effective semiconductor solutions to leading global OEMs.

In response to this opportunity, the Company developed a strategic plan to transition its business toward becoming a dedicated semiconductor vendor. This transition was intended to build upon the Company's existing integrated appliance platform, which combines proprietary semiconductor intellectual property for Layer 2/Layer 3 packet processing, advanced PON technologies, and embedded software applications.

During 2025, however, the Company was unable to secure the capital required to execute this transition from its IP and FPGA-based business model to an ASSP-focused semiconductor business. As a result, the Company significantly reduced its operations and refocused its activities on IP licensing and R&D services leveraging its diversified portfolio of networking and communications intellectual property.

 

NOTE 2        -    GOING CONCERN

As of December 31, 2025 the Company has an accumulated deficit of $54.5 million (2024: $48.7 million) and during the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company incurred a net comprehensive loss of $5.7 million (2024: $5.8 million) and negative cash flows from operating activities of $1.1 million (2024: $3.2 million). As of December 31, 2025, the company has a negative working capital of $3.5 million. In addition, the Company is in arrears for payment of certain of its liabilities including those detailed in Notes 11 and 14.

 

Management has determined that the balance of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2025 (and as of the date of the approval of these financial statements), together with other current available resources, is not sufficient for the Company to fund its current obligations. However, the Company has implemented plans to meet these and future obligations. 

 

The Company's ongoing operations are dependent on Management's plans for securing funds including through further design services from existing customers, monetizing its patent portfolio, including strategic options to maximize the value of its intellectual property assets.

 

However, the success of the Company's plans to secure further design services, monetize its patent portfolio and closing a strategic deal as outlined above is not assured and thus a material uncertainty exists that may cast a significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern and fulfil its obligations and liabilities in the normal course of business in the future. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to recoverability and classification of the recorded asset amounts, and classification of liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

 

 

NOTE 3         -     MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The following accounting policies have been consistently applied in the preparation and presentation of these financial statements for all of the periods presented, unless otherwise stated. In 2025, no new standards that had a material effect on these financial statements become effective.

 

A.     Basis of presentation of the financial statements and statement of compliance with IFRS

 

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (hereinafter - "IFRS"), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB").

 

The financial statements have been prepared on an accrual basis and under the historical cost convention, except for financial instruments measured at fair value through profit and loss.

 

The Company has elected to present profit or loss items using the function of expense method. Additional information regarding the nature of the expenses is included in the notes to the financial statements.

 

The applicable law jurisdiction in which the Company operates is in Israel.

 

The financial statements for the year ended 31 December were approved and authorised for issue by the board of directors on 30 June 2026.

 

B.     Use of significant accounting estimates, assumptions, and judgements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make accounting estimates and assessments that involve use of judgment and that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities presented in the financial statements, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements, the amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods and the accounting policies adopted by the Company. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 

Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on prior experiences, various facts, external items and reasonable assumptions in accordance with the circumstances related to each assumption.

 

Estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimates are revised and in any future periods affected.

 

Regarding significant judgements and estimate uncertainties, see Note 4.

 

C.     Functional and presentation currency

The Company prepares its financial statements on the basis of the principal currency and economic environment in which it operates (hereinafter - the "functional currency").

 

The Company's financial statements are presented in US dollars ("US$") which constitutes the functional currency of the Company and the presentation currency of the Company.

 

D.     Foreign currency transactions and balances

Specifically identifiable transactions denominated in foreign currency are recorded upon initial recognition at the exchange rates prevailing on the date of the transaction. Exchange rate differences deriving from the settlement of monetary items, at exchange rates that are different than those used in the initial recording during the period, or than those reported in previous financial statements, are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income in the year of settlement of the monetary item. Other profit or loss items are translated at average exchange rates for the relevant financial year.

 

Assets and liabilities denominated in or linked to foreign currency are presented on the basis of the representative rate of exchange as of the date of the statement of financial position.

 

Exchange rate differentials, are primarily related to cash balances and financing transactions and as such are recognised in the financial statements when incurred, as part of financing expenses or financing income, as applicable.

 

The exchange rates as at the 31st of December, of one unit of foreign currency to each US dollar, were:

	2025	2024
New Israeli Shekel ("NIS")	0.313	0.274
Great British Pound ("GBP")	1.345	1.254
Euro	1.174	1.041

 

E.      Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes all expenses directly attributable to the manufacturing process as well as suitable portions of related production overheads, based on normal operating capacity. Costs of ordinarily interchangeable items are assigned using the first in, first out cost formula. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less any directly attributable selling expenses.

 

F.      Property and equipment

Property and equipment items are presented at cost, less accumulated depreciation and net of accrued impairment losses. Cost includes, in addition to the acquisition cost, all of the costs that can be directly attributed to the bringing of the item to the location and condition necessary for the item to operate in accordance with the intentions of management.

 

The residual value, useful life span and depreciation method of fixed asset items are tested at least at the end of the fiscal year and any changes are treated as changes in accounting estimate.

 

Depreciation is calculated on the straight‑line method, based on the estimated useful life of the fixed asset item or of the distinguishable component, at annual depreciation rates as follows:

	%
Computers	33
Testing equipment	15-33
Furniture and equipment	6-15
Leasehold improvements	Over period of lease

 

Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term (including any extension option held by the Company and intended to be exercised) and the expected life of the improvement.

 

Depreciation of an asset ceases at the earlier of the date that the asset is classified as held for sale and the date that the asset is derecognised. An asset is derecognised on disposal or when no further economic benefits are expected from its use.

 

G.     Research and development expenses

Expenditures on the research phase of projects to develop new products and processes are recognised as an expense as incurred.

 

Development activities involve a plan or a design for the production of new or substantially improved products and processes. Development costs that are directly attributable to a project's development phase are recognised as intangible assets, provided they meet all of the following recognition requirements:

 

• the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale.

• intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it.

• ability to use or sell the intangible asset.

• ability to demonstrate how the intangible asset will generate probable future economic benefits. Among other things, the entity can demonstrate the existence of a market for the output of the intangible asset or the intangible asset itself or, if it is to be used internally, the usefulness of the intangible asset.

• the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset.

• ability to measure reliably the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development.

 

Development costs not meeting these criteria for capitalisation are expensed as incurred.

 

Directly attributable costs include (if relevant) employee costs incurred on software development along with an appropriate portion of relevant overheads and borrowing costs.

 

The Company maintained the policy of recognising as an intangible asset, the costs arising from the development of its solutions, specifically the directly associated costs of its Research and Development center.

 

The Company periodically reviews the principles and criteria of IAS 38 as outlined above. Up to and until June 2019, the Company has determined that all the above criteria were met.

 

Effective as from 1 July 2019 and thereafter, the Company concluded that it would no longer continue recognising these costs as an intangible asset due to the fact that the criteria in IAS38 was not met.

 

Regarding impairment analysis, see Note 2L.

 

The amortisation of an intangible asset begins when the asset is available for use, i.e., it is in the location and condition needed for it to operate in the manner intended by management. The development asset is amortised on the straight-line method, over its estimated useful life, which is estimated to be ten years.

 

The useful life and the amortisation method of each of the intangible assets with finite lives are reviewed at least at each financial year end. If the expected useful life of an asset differs from the previous estimate, the amortisation period is changed accordingly. Such a change is accounted for as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with IAS 8.

 

 

H.     Financial instruments

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.

 

1.    Classification and measurement of financial assets and financial liabilities

Initial recognition and measurement

The Company initially recognises trade receivables on the date that they originated. All other financial assets and financial liabilities are initially recognised on the date on which the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. A financial asset or a financial liability are initially measured at fair value with the addition, for a financial asset or a financial liability that are not presented at fair value through profit or loss, of transaction costs that can be directly attributed to the acquisition or the issuance of the financial asset or the financial liability. Trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component are initially measured at the price of the related transaction.

 

Financial assets - subsequent classification and measurement

A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it meets the two following cumulative conditions and is not designated for measurement at fair value through profit or loss:

•      The objective of the entity's business model is to hold the financial asset to collect the contractual cash flows; and

•      The contractual terms of the financial asset create entitlement on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

 

On initial recognition, financial assets that do not meet the above criteria are classified to measurement at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL). Further, irrespective of the business model, financial assets whose contractual cash flows are not solely payments of principal and interest are accounted for at FVTPL. All derivative financial instruments fall into this category.

 

Financial assets are not reclassified in subsequent periods, unless, and only to the extent that the Company changes its business model for the management of financial debt assets, in which case the affected financial debt assets are reclassified at the beginning of the reporting period following the change in the business model.

 

Financial assets at amortised cost

The Company has balances of trade and other receivables and deposits that are held under a business model, the objective of which is collection of the contractual cash flows. The contractual cash flows in respect of such financial assets comprise solely payments of principal and interest that reflects consideration for the time-value of the money and the credit risk. Accordingly, such financial assets are measured at amortised cost.

 

In subsequent periods, these assets are measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest method and net of impairment losses. Interest income, currency exchange gains or losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Any gains or losses on derecognition are also carried to profit or loss.

 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are carried in the statement of financial position at fair value with all gains and losses and net changes in fair value recognised in the statement of comprehensive loss as financing income or cost. This category includes derivative instruments (including embedded derivatives that were separated from the host contract).

 

Financial liabilities - classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses

Financial liabilities are classified to measurement at amortised cost or at fair value through profit or loss. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and, in the case of loans, borrowings, and payables, net of directly attributable transaction costs.

 

Financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost

This category includes trade and other payables, loans and borrowings including bank overdrafts. These financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost in subsequent periods, using the effective interest method. Interest expenses and currency exchange gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss. Any gains or losses on derecognition are also carried to profit or loss.

 

Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium on acquisition and fees or costs that are an integral part of the effective interest method. The effective interest method amortisation is included as finance costs in profit or loss.

 

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are measured at fair value, and any net gains and losses, including any interest expenses, are recognised in profit or loss.

 

Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss include financial liabilities held for trading and financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss, including derivative financial instruments entered into by the Company, including warrants derivative liability related to warrants with an exercise price denominated in a currency other than the Company's functional currency and also including the Company's liability to issue a variable number of shares, which include certain embedded derivatives (such as prepayment options) under a share subscription agreement or under a structured investment deed - see Note 16.

 

Separated embedded derivatives are classified as held for trading.

 

Financial liabilities designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss are designated at the initial date of recognition, and only if the criteria in IFRS 9 are satisfied.

 

2.      Derecognition of financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are derecognised when the contractual obligation of the Company expires or when it is discharged or cancelled.

 

3.    Impairment

Financial assets

The Company creates a provision for expected credit losses in respect of Financial assets measured at amortised cost.

 

Expected credit losses are recognised in two stages. For credit exposures for which there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, expected credit losses are provided for credit losses that result from default events that are possible within the next 12 months. For those credit exposures for which there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a loss allowance is required for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure, irrespective of the timing of the default (a lifetime expected credit losses).

 

The Company measures, if relevant, the provision for expected credit losses in respect of trade receivables at an amount that is equal to the credit losses expected over the life of the instrument.

 

In assessing whether the credit risk of a financial asset has significantly increased since initial recognition and in assessing expected credit losses, the Company takes into consideration information that is reasonable and verifiable, relevant and attainable at no excessive cost or effort. Such information comprises quantitative and qualitative information, as well as an analysis, based on the past experience of the Company and the reported credit assessment, and contains forward-looking information.

 

Measurement of expected credit losses

Expected credit losses represent a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured at the present value of the difference between the cash flows to which the Company is entitled under the contract and the cash flows that the Company expects to receive.

 

Expected credit losses are discounted at the effective interest rate of the financial asset.

 

4.    Derivative financial instruments

Derivative financial instruments are accounted for at FVTPL.

 

Embedded derivatives

A derivative embedded in a hybrid contract, with a financial liability or non-financial host, is separated from the host and accounted for as a separate derivative if: the economic characteristics and risks are not closely related to the host; a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative would meet the definition of a derivative; and the hybrid contract is not measured at fair value through profit or loss. Embedded derivatives are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss. Reassessment only occurs if there is either a change in the terms of the contract that significantly modifies the cash flows that would otherwise be required or a reclassification of a financial asset out of the fair value through profit or loss category.

 

As described in Note 16.D., the Company has designated its liability with respect to various issuances of warrants and shares, which include several embedded derivatives, as part of the FVTPL category.

 

I.       Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation transactions that are settled by equity instruments that were executed with employees or others who render similar services, are measured at the date of the grant, based on the fair value of the granted equity instrument. This amount is recorded as an expense in profit or loss with a corresponding credit to equity, over the period during which the entitlement to exercise or to receive the equity instruments vests.

 

For the purpose of estimating the fair value of the granted equity instruments, the Company takes into consideration conditions which are not vesting conditions (or vesting conditions that are performance conditions which constitute market conditions). Non-market performance and service conditions are included in assumptions about the number of options that are expected to vest. The total expense is recognised over the vesting period, which is the period over which all of the specified vesting conditions are to be satisfied. At the end of each reporting period, an estimate is made of the number of instruments expected to vest. No expense is recognised for awards that do not ultimately vest because of service conditions and/or if non-market performance conditions have not been met. As an expense is recognised over the vesting period, when an expense has been recorded in one period and the options are cancelled in the following period, then the previously recorded expenses for options that never vested, as reversed. Grants that are contingent upon vesting conditions (including performance conditions that are not market conditions) which are not ultimately met are not recognised as an expense. A change in estimate regarding prior periods is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income over the vesting period. No expense is recognised for award that do not ultimately vest because service condition and/or non-market performance condition have not been made.

 

Share-based payment transactions settled by equity instruments executed with other service providers are measured at the date the services were received, based on the estimated fair value of the services or goods received, unless their value cannot be reliably estimated. In such a case, the transaction is measured by estimating the fair value of the granted equity instruments. This amount is carried as an expense or is capitalised to the cost of an asset (if relevant), based on the nature of the transaction.

 

J.          Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.

 

Fair value measurement is based on the assumption that the transaction will take place in the asset's or the liability's principal market, or in the absence of a principal market in the most advantageous market.

 

The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.

 

The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value. Maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.

 

All assets and liabilities measured at fair value or for which fair value is disclosed are categorised into levels within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the entire fair value measurement:

 

·      Level 1 - unadjusted quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

 

·      Level 2 - pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets that are directly observable for the asset or liability or indirectly observable through corroboration with observable market data.

 

·      Level 3 - pricing inputs are unobservable for the non-financial asset or liability and only used when there is little, if any, market activity for the non-financial asset or liability at the measurement date. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Level 3 inputs are considered as the lowest priority within the fair value hierarchy.

 

For assets and liabilities that are recognised in the financial statements at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.

 

For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities on the basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair value hierarchy, as explained above.

 

Fair-value related disclosures for financial instruments that are measured at fair value or where fair values are disclosed, are summarised in Note 27.

 

K.     Revenue recognition

The Company generates revenues mainly from:

·      Sales of solutions-based product offerings

·      sales of programmable devices ("FPGA") with embedded intellectual property ("IP") developed by the Company,

·      IP developed by the Company together with software application tools to assist its customers to design their own systems based on the Company IP and

·      maintenance and support services provided to customers.

The Company recognises revenue when the customer obtains control over the promised goods or when the Company has delivered the products or services. The revenue is measured according to the amount of the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services provided to the customer.

 

Identification of the contract

The Company treats a contract with a customer only where all of the following conditions are fulfilled.

1.     The parties to the contract have approved the contract (in writing, orally or according to other customary business practices) and they are committed to satisfying their obligations thereunder;

2.     The Company is able to identify the rights of each party in relation to the goods or services that are to be transferred;

3.     The Company is able to identify the payment terms for the goods or services that are to be transferred;

4.     The contract has commercial substance (i.e., the entity's risk, timing and amount of future cash flows are expected to change as result of the contract); and

5.     It is probable that the consideration to which the Company is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services transferred to the customer will be collected.

 

Identification of performance obligations

On the contract's inception date, the Company assesses the goods or services committed to in the contract with the customer and identifies, as a performance obligation, any promise to transfer to the customer one of the following:

·      Goods or services that are distinct; or

·      A series of distinct goods or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer.

 

The Company identifies goods or services promised to the customer as being distinct when the customer can benefit from the goods or services on their own or in conjunction with other readily available resources and the Company's promise to transfer the goods or services to the customer separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. In order to examine whether a promise to transfer goods or services is separately identifiable, the Company examines whether it is providing a significant service of integrating the goods or services with other goods or services promised in the contract into one integrated outcome that is the purpose of the contract.

 

Contracted revenues attached to milestone performance in a contract are recognised by the Company when it has completed a milestone requirement and the Company has delivered the goods and/or services connected to such milestone.

 

Determination of the transaction price

The transaction price is the amount of the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services promised to the customer, other than amounts collected for third parties. The Company takes into account the effects of all the following elements when determining the transaction price; variable consideration (see below), the existence of a significant financing component, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to the customer.

 

Variable consideration

The transaction price includes fixed amounts and amounts that may change as a result of discounts, credits, price concessions, incentives, penalties, claims and disputes and contract modifications where the consideration in their respect has not yet been agreed to by the parties.

 

In accordance with the requirements in IFRS 15 on constraining estimates of variable consideration, the Company includes the amount of the variable consideration, or part of it, in the transaction price at contract inception, only when it is considered highly probable that its inclusion will not result in a significant revenue reversal in the future when the uncertainty has been subsequently resolved. At the end of each reporting period and if necessary, the Company revises the amount of the variable consideration included in the transaction price.

 

Satisfaction of performance obligations

Revenue is recognised when the Company satisfies a performance obligation, or by transferring control over promised goods or having provided services to the customer, as applicable.

 

Sales of goods

Revenues from the sale of programmable devices are recognised at the point in time when control of the asset is transferred to the customer, which is generally upon delivery of the devices.

 

Contracts with milestone payments

Certain contracts with major customers are structured to provide the Company with payment upon the achievements of certain predefined milestones which might include, delivery of existing schematics, prototypes, software drivers or design kit, or development of new product offerings or new features of existing products such as programmable devices ("design tools").

 

Management has determined that the performance obligations under such arrangements which are generally based on separate milestones, are recognised at the point in time when such separate milestone is transferred to the customer, generally upon completion of the related milestone.

 

Amounts received (including specific up-front payments), which relate to milestones that were not yet achieved, are deferred and are presented as deferred revenues.

 

Multiple element transactions

 

Some of the Company's contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to the separate performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company determines the standalone selling prices based on an overall pricing objectives, taking into consideration market conditions and other factors.

 

Revenues are then recognised for each separate performance obligations - sales of goods or designed tools, based on the criteria described in the above paragraph.

 

Revenue from royalties

 

The Company is entitled to royalties based on sales performed by third parties of products which contain IP developed by the Company.

 

For arrangements that include such sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license of the IP developed by the Company is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognises revenue at the later of (i) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied), or (ii) when the related sales occur.

 

Accordingly, revenues from royalties that are reported by the customer are recognised based on the actual sales of products as reported to the Company.

 

 

 

Revenues from maintenance and support

 

Revenue from maintenance and support is recognised over the term of the maintenance and support period.

 

L.      Impairment testing of non-financial assets

At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amount of its tangible and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any).

For impairment assessment purposes, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are largely independent cash inflows (cash-generating units). As a result, some assets are tested individually for impairment, and some are tested at the cash-generating unit level.

 

An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset's (or cash-generating unit's) carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount, being the value in use. To determine the value in use, management estimates expected future cash flows from each asset or cash-generating unit and determines a suitable discount rate, in order to calculate the present value of those cash flows. The data used for impairment testing procedures are linked to the Company's latest approved budget, see also Note 10.

 

M.    Leased assets

 

The Company considers whether a contract is or contains a lease. A lease is defined as 'a contract, or part of a contract, which conveys the right to use an asset (the underlying asset) for a period of time in exchange for consideration.' To apply this definition the Company assesses whether the contract meets three key evaluations which are whether:

·        the contract contains an identified asset, which is either explicitly identified in the contract or implicitly specified by being identified at the time the asset is made available to the Company

·        the Company has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the identified asset throughout the period of use, considering its rights within the defined scope of the contract

·        the Company has the right to direct the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use. The Company assesses whether it has the right to direct 'how and for what purpose' the asset is used throughout the period of use.

 

Measurement and recognition of leases as a lessee

 

At the lease commencement date, the Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet. The right-of-use asset is measured at cost, which is made up of the initial measurement of the lease liability, any initial direct costs incurred by the Company, an estimate of any costs to dismantle and remove the asset at the end of the lease, and any lease payments made in advance of the lease commencement date (net of any incentives received).

 

The Company depreciates the right-of-use assets on a straight-line basis from the lease commencement date to the earlier of the end of the useful life of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term. The Company also assesses the right-of-use asset for impairment when such indicators exist.

 

At the lease commencement date, the Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments unpaid at that date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease if that rate is readily available or the Company's incremental borrowing rate.

 

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability are made up of fixed payments (including in substance fixed), variable payments based on an index or rate, amounts expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee and payments arising from options reasonably certain to be exercised.

 

Subsequent to initial measurement, the liability is reduced for payments made and increased for interest. It is re-measured to reflect any reassessment or modification, or if there are changes in in-substance fixed payments.

 

When the lease liability is re-measured, the corresponding adjustment is reflected in the right-of-use asset, or profit and loss if the right-of-use asset is already reduced to zero.

 

The Company has elected to account for short-term leases and leases of low-value assets using the practical expedients. Instead of recognising a right-of-use asset and lease liability, the payments in relation to these are recognised as an expense in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

 

On the statement of financial position, right-of-use assets have been included under non-current assets and the current portion of lease liabilities have been included in other current liabilities.

 

N.   Government grants

Government grants are recognised where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item (such as research and development of an intangible asset), it is recognised as 'other income' on a systematic basis over the periods that the costs, which it is intended to compensate, are expensed.

 

Where the grant relates to an asset (such as development expenses that were recognised as an intangible asset), it is recognised as deduction of the related asset.

 

Grants from the Israeli Innovation Authority of the Ministry of Economy (hereinafter - the "IIA") in respect of research and development projects are accounted for as forgivable loans according to IAS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, as the company might be required to refund such amount through payment of royalties.

 

Grants received from the IIA are recognised as a liability according to their fair value on the date of their receipt, unless there is a reasonable assurance that the amount received will not be refunded. The fair value is calculated using a discount rate that reflects a market rate of interest at the date of initial recognition. The difference between the amount received and the fair value on the date of receiving the grant is recognised as a deduction from the cost of the related intangible asset or as other income, as applicable.

 

The amount of the liability is re-examined each period, and any changes in the present value of the cash flows discounted at the original interest rate of the grant are recognised in profit or loss.

 

Grants which do not include an obligation to pay royalties are recognised as a deduction of the related asset or as other income, as applicable.

 

O.     Standards, amendments and interpretations to existing standards that are not yet effective and have not been adopted early by the Company.

IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements

In April 2024, the IASB issued IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements. IFRS 18 replaces IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027, with earlier application permitted. Retrospective application is required.

 

The Company is currently assessing the impact of IFRS 18 on its financial statements. Based on the preliminary assessment, the standard is expected to significantly change the presentation of the Statement of Profit or Loss and the disclosures in the notes, but it will not change the recognition or measurement of assets, liabilities, income, or expenses.

 

The primary expected impacts identified by management to date are as follows:

 

·       Structure of the Statement of Profit or Loss: The Company will be required to classify its income and expenses into three newly defined categories: operating, investing, and financing. Consequently, the Company will present new mandatory subtotals, for "Operating profit or loss before financing income and expenses" and "Operating profit or loss from financing activities".

 

·       Classification of Specific Expenses: Share-based compensation expenses (Note 17), which are currently presented within general and administrative expenses, will be evaluated against the new operating income and expense guidance to ensure precise allocation to functional line items within the operating and financing categories.

 

·       Management Performance Measures ("MPM"s): The Company currently utilizes non-IFRS performance metrics (such as Adjusted EBITDA) in its communications with investors. Under IFRS 18, any publicly disclosed non-IFRS metric that fits the definition of an MPM must be disclosed in a single note within the audited financial statements. This disclosure will require a full reconciliation to the most directly comparable IFRS subtotal and an explanation of why the metric provides useful information.

 

 

Other new standards

 

Other standards and amendments that are not yet effective and have not been adopted early by the Company are not expected to have a significant impact on the financial statements in the period of initial application and therefore the disclosures have not been made.

 

NOTE 4         -     SIGNIFICANT MANAGEMENT JUDGEMENT IN APPLYING ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATION UNCERTAINTY

When preparing the financial statements, management makes a number of judgements, estimates and assumptions about the recognition and measurement of assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

 

 

Significant management judgement

 

•   Leases - determination of the appropriate lease period to measure lease liabilities

The Company enters into leases with third-party landlords and in order to calculate the lease liability, the Company assess if any lease option extensions will be exercised. The lease for the Company's offices was for 5 years with an option to extend it for a further 5 years. The Company initially expected this lease to be extended for an additional 5 years. At the end of 2023, the Company's assessment was that it may not exercise the additional 5-year option given the decline in rental prices within the premises market - see Note 11.

 

 

Estimation uncertainty

 

•     Impairment of non-financial assets

In assessing impairment of non-financial assets (primarily, internally developed intangible assets), management estimates the recoverable amount of each asset or cash generating units (if relevant) based on expected future cash flows and uses an interest rate to discount them (i.e. the value in use). Estimation uncertainty and significant management judgement are involved with the assumptions about future operating results and the determination of a suitable discount rate. See Note 10 for assumptions used in determining the recoverable amount of intangible assets.

 

•   Fair value measurement of financial instruments

When the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the statement of financial position cannot be measured based on quoted prices in active markets, Management uses various valuation techniques to determine the fair value of such financial instruments and non-financial assets. This involves developing estimates and assumptions consistent with how market participants would price the instrument. Management bases its assumptions on observable data as far as possible but this is not always available. In that case, management uses the best information available. Estimated fair values may vary from the actual prices that would be achieved in an arm's length transaction at the reporting date. Changes in assumptions relating to these factors could affect the reported fair value of financial instruments (see Note 16).

 

NOTE 5         -    CASH

Cash consists of the following:

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025	2024
In Great British Pounds	7,623	5,722
In U.S. Dollar	11,577	5,980
In New Israeli Shekel	12,617	39,011
	31,817	50,713

 

The cash does not have any restrictions as to what it may be used for.

 

 

 

NOTE 6         -     TRADE RECEIVABLES

Trade receivables consist of the following:

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025	2024
Trade receivables and unbilled revenue	771,514	1,064,843
Less: provision for expected credit losses	(647,636)	(679,843)
Total receivables	123,878	385,000

 

All amounts are short-term. The net carrying value of these receivables is considered a reasonable approximation of fair value. All of the Company's trade and other receivables have been reviewed for the possibility of loss (an allowance for impairment losses). See also Note 27A.

 

NOTE 7         -     INVENTORIES

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025	2024
Components and raw materials	-	218,168
Total inventories	-	218,168

 

During 2024 and 2025, inventory amounting to 100,001 and 218,168, respectively, was reclassified as fixed assets.

 

NOTE 8         -    OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Other current assets consist of the following:

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025	2024
Prepaid Expenses	34,960	54,085
Government institutions	69,534	78,751
Total other current assets	104,494	132,836

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NOTE 9         -     PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Details of the Company's property and equipment are as follows:

 

	US dollars
	Testing equipment	Computers	Furniture and equipment	Leasehold improve-ments	Total
Gross carrying amount
Balance 1 January 2025	1,371,082	174,771	55,397	11,193	1,612,443
Additions *	218,168	-	-	-	218,168
Disposals	(995)	(2,128)	-	-	(3,123)
Balance 31 December 2025	1,588,255	172,643	55,397	11,193	1,827,488
Depreciation
Balance 1 January 2025	(799,337)	(174,610)	(26,200)	(6,401)	(1,006,548)
Disposals	741	2,128	-	-	2,869
Depreciation	(252,095)	(161)	(3,046)	(4,726)	(260,028)
Balance 31 December 2025	(1,050,691)	(172,643)	(29,246)	(11,127)	(1,263,707)
Carrying amount 31 December 2025	537,564	-	26,151	66	563,781

 

* Reclassifying inventory to fixed assets of 218,168	US dollars
	Testing equipment	Computers	Furniture and equipment	Leasehold improve-ments	Total
Gross carrying amount
Balance 1 January 2024	1,269,807	176,909	55,397	11,193	1,513,306
Additions *	101,275	-	-	-	101,275
Disposals	-	(2,138)	-	-	(2,138)
Balance 31 December 2024	1,371,082	174,771	55,397	11,193	1,612,443
Depreciation
Balance 1 January 2024	(499,906)	(167,454)	(22,933)	(2,703)	(692,996)
Disposals	-	1,978	-	-	1,978
Depreciation	(299,431)	(9,134)	(3,267)	(3,698)	(315,530)
Balance 31 December 2024	(799,337)	(174,610)	(26,200)	(6,401)	(1,006,548)
Carrying amount 31 December 2024	571,745	161	29,197	4,792	605,895

 

* Reclassifying inventory to fixed assets of 100,001

 

 

NOTE 10       -     INTANGIBLE ASSET

Details of the Company's intangible asset (R&D) is as follows:

 

				US dollars
				Total
Gross carrying amount
Balance 1 January 2025				9,550,657
Additions				-
Balance 31 December 2025				9,550,657
Amortisation and impairment
Balance 1 January 2025				6,010,617
Amortisation				961,380
Impairment				1,578,660
Balance 31 December 2025				8,550,657
Carrying amount 31 December 2025				1,000,000

 

 

 

				US dollars
				Total
Gross carrying amount
Balance 1 January 2024				9,550,657
Additions				-
Balance 31 December 2024				9,550,657
Amortisation
Balance 1 January 2024				5,049,237
Amortisation				961,380
Balance 31 December 2024				6,010,617
Carrying amount 31 December 2024				3,540,040

 

The Company performed an impairment assessment of its capitalised intangible assets as of 31 December, 2025 in accordance with IAS 36, Impairment of Assets. Based on the assessment, management determined that the recoverable amount of the intangible assets was lower than it's carrying amount. As a result, the Company recognised an impairment loss of US$1,578,660 during the year ended 31 December 2025. The impairment was primarily attributable to changes in the Company's business strategy and the related revision of expected timing and magnitude of future economic benefits and cash flows to be generated from the capitalised technology. These revised expectations reflect, among other factors, lower than expected revenue generation, changes in commercial traction, and updated assumptions regarding the expected commercialisation of the Company's technology and intellectual property portfolio.

 

The valuation method determined, to best reflect the fair value of the intangible assets, was the Discounted Cash Flow ("DCF") to be generated from such assets between 2026 through 2033.

 

The primary assumptions used in determining the value-in-use of these intangible assets are as follows:

·       Corporate tax rate for the Company remains at 23%.

·       The pre-tax discount rate used to value future cash flows is 26%.

·       Forecast revenues and cash flows based on management's revised business plan and commercialisation strategy for the Company's intellectual property portfolio, including potential licensing, partnership and other monetisation pathways.

 

The determination of the recoverable amount requires management to make estimates and assumptions regarding future cash flows, discount rates and commercial outcomes. Changes in these assumptions could result in further adjustments to the carrying amount of the intangible assets in future reporting periods.

The recoverable amount is sensitive to the discount rate used for the DCF model as well as the expected future cash-inflows and the growth rate used for extrapolation purposes.

Any rise in the pre-tax discount rate from the current level used in the analysis of 26% would result in further impairment. A rise in the pre-tax discount rate to 28% (i.e. +2%) would result in impairment of US$1,073,657.

 

 

NOTE 11       -     LEASES

 

A.    Details of the Company's right of use assets are as follows:

 

	US dollars
	Buildings
Gross carrying amount
Balance 1 January 2025	1,834,042
Balance 31 December 2025	1,834,042
Accumulated depreciation
Balance 1 January 2025	(992,492)
Depreciation expense	(439,068)
Balance 31 December 2025	(1,431,560)
Total right-of-use assets as at 31 December 2025	402,482

 

 

	US dollars
	Buildings
Gross carrying amount
Balance 1 January 2024	1,834,042
Balance 31 December 2024	1,834,042
Accumulated depreciation
Balance 1 January 2024	(658,092)
Depreciation expense	(334,400)
Balance 31 December 2024	(992,492)
Total right-of-use assets as at 31 December 2024	841,550

 

 

 

 

B.    Lease liabilities are presented in the statement of financial position as follows:

 

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025                    2024
Current	437,386	377,287
Non-current	-	382,263
	437,386	759,550

 

 

C.       In October 2021, the Company committed to a five-year lease agreement for its primary offices in Airport City Israel. At the termination of the lease, the Company has an option to renew it for a further five years. As at 31 December 2022 such renewal option was considered as reasonably certain to be exercised according to IFRS 16. At 31 December 2023, the Company's assessment was that it may not exercise the additional 5-year option given the change in the Company's needs and the decline in rental market prices. As such the Company recalculated the lease liability using an updated discount rate. The amount of such reduction in the liability, was accordingly reduced from the right-of-use asset value.

 

Each lease generally imposes a restriction that, the right-of-use asset can only be used by the Company. Leases are either non-cancellable or may only be cancelled by incurring a substantive termination fee. Some leases contain an option to extend the lease for a further term or for the employee who used the leased item to purchase the underlying leased asset outright at the end of the lease term. The Company is prohibited from selling or pledging the underlying leased assets as security. For leases over office buildings and factory premises the Company must keep those properties in a good state of repair and return the properties in their original condition at the end of the lease. Further, the Company must insure items of property, plant and equipment and incur maintenance fees on such items in accordance with the lease contracts.

 

D.      The lease liabilities are secured by the related underlying assets. Future minimum lease payments at 31 December 2025 were as follows:

 

				Minimum lease payments due
				US dollars
				2026	2027	Total
Lease payments				460,682	-	460,682
Finance charges				(23,296)	-	(23,296)
Net present values				437,386	-	437,386

E.       During 2025 and subsequent to the reporting date and up to the date of approval of the financial statements, the Company was not in compliance with the terms of the lease agreement by not making the payments in a timely manner. As of 31 December 2025, the total outstanding overdue payments amount to $0.72 million ($1.13 million as of the date of approval of the financial statements). The Company is currently in negotiations with the lessor to resolve this matter. As of the date of approval of these financial statements, no legal proceedings have been initiated against the Company in connection with this matter, and no collateral has been provided to the lessor regarding these arrears.

 

 

NOTE 12       -     OTHER LONG-TERM ASSETS

Other long- term assets consist of:

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025	2024
Restricted cash	-	100,340
Other	10,338	10,338
Total other long term assets	10,338	110,678

 

NOTE 13       -     SHORT- TERM BORROWINGS

The bank loans were fully repaid in February 2024.

 

 

NOTE 14      -    OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

A.    Other short-term liabilities consist of:

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025	2024
Salaries, wages and related costs	499,468	282,599
Provision for paid vacation due to employees	214,492	146,549
Current portion of IIA royalty liability (see Note 15)	-	6,027
Accrued expenses and other	1,172,588	373,897
Deferred revenue	-	39,722
Short term lease liability	437,386	377,287
Related parties *	71,215	107,093
Total other short-term liabilities	2,395,149	1,333,174

 

 

*       Relates to compensation from prior years and the outstanding preferred loan to the Company (see Note 29.A.). These amounts do not bear interest.

 

B.     Supplier Contracts

 

In January 2025, the Company reached a settlement agreement with a supplier regarding an outstanding balance of approximately NIS 2.7 million ($0.77 million) at that time. Under the settlement, the Company committed to paying the principal amount plus an additional sum of approximately NIS 0.36 million ($0.11 million), payable in 22 monthly installments of approximately NIS 0.14 million. Furthermore, the Company committed to pay default interest at an agreed rate as specified in the agreement. Since this agreement was signed, the Company has not requested services or goods from this supplier.

 

During 2025, the Company did not comply with the settlement terms and made only two of the monthly payments. Accordingly, as of 31 December 2025, the total outstanding liability (including default interest) amounts to NIS 2.6 million ($ 0.83 million) The liability is presented as a current liability under trade payable. As of the date of these financial statements, there are no legal proceedings against the Company and no collateral has been provided to the supplier regarding this debt.

 

                                                                  

NOTE 15       -     OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES

Other non-current liabilities consist of:

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025	2024
IIA royalty liability *	50,830	48,599
Lease liability	-	382,263
Total other non-current liabilities	50,830	430,862

 

* During the years 2005 through 2012, the Company received grants from the Israel Innovation Authority ("IIA") totaling approximately $3.1 million, to support the Company's various research and development programs. The Company is required to pay royalties to the IIA at a rate of 3.5%, of the Company's revenue attributable to the technology funded by the IIA, up to an amount equal to the grants received plus interest from the date of the grant, which after having repaid approximately $0.58 million (2024: $0.58 million) of these grants over numerous years, as at 31 December 2025 the amount still due is approximately $4.6 million. Such contingent obligation has no expiration date. All products, and IP sales from 2016 and later are based on newer architecture which is not funded by the IIA therefore, the IIA is not eligible for any royalty from revenue associated with product or IPs generated from deals after 2016.

 

NOTE 16       -     EQUITY

A.      Details regarding share capital and number of shares at 31 December 2025 and at 31 December 2024 are:

 

Share capital:

	US dollars
	31 December
	2025	2024
Ordinary shares of no-par value	-	271,255
Total share capital	-	271,255

 

Number of shares:

	31 December
	2025			2024
Ordinary shares of no-par value - authorised	25,300,000,000			1,600,000,000
Ordinary shares of no-par value - issued and paid up	10,031,828,493			1,000,000,000

 

 

At an Extraordinary General Meeting in December 2025, each ordinary share of NIS 0.001 par value was converted to an ordinary share of no-par value. As a result of this change the share capital and share premium of the Company were combined into share premium. These financial statements have been prepared relating to these no-par value shares as share capital.

Share capital includes proceeds received from the issuance of shares, less transaction costs associated with the issuance of shares net of any related income tax benefit. The costs of issuing new shares charged to share capital during the year ended 31 December 2025 was $91,824 (2024: $83,561).

 

B.      Description of the rights attached to the Ordinary Shares

All ordinary shares have equal rights including voting rights, rights to dividends and to distributions upon liquidation. They confer their holder the rights to receive notices, attend and vote at general meetings.

 

C.      Other components of equity

Other components of equity include the value of equity-settled share and option-based payments provided to employees and consultants. When employees and consultants forfeit their options, the costs related to such forfeited options are reversed out to other components of equity - see Note 17.A.

 

D.      Shares issued during the accounting periods

During the year ended 31 December 2025 the amount of ordinary shares issued was 9,031,828,493 (2024: 623,278,909), as follows:

			Number of shares issued during year ended 31 December
	Note		2025		2024
Shares issued together with warrants	[1]		3,636,363,633		286,941,090
Shares issued without warrants	[2]		5,172,964,860		-
Shares issued pursuant to structured investment deed	[3]		222,500,000		333,750,000
Expenses paid for in shares	[4]		-		2,587,819
			9,031,828,493		623,278,909623,278,909

 

 

Details of the equity raises are as follows:

 

[1]    Shares issued together with warrants

As the exercise price of the warrants is denominated in GBP and not in the Company's functional currency, it was determined that the Company's obligation under such warrants cannot be considered as an obligation to issue a fixed number of equity instruments in exchange for a fixed amount of cash. Accordingly, it was determined that such warrants represent a derivative financial liability required to be accounted for at fair value through the profit or loss category. Upon initial recognition the Company allocated the gross proceeds as follows: the fair value amount of the warrants was allocated as a derivative warrants liability with the remainder of the proceeds, after deduction of the allocated issuance costs, being allocated to share capital and share premium. The issuance expenses were allocated in a consistent manner to the above allocation. The expenses related to the warrant component were carried to profit or loss as an immediate expense while the expenses related to the share capital component were netted against the amount carried to equity. In subsequent periods the company measures the derivative financial liability at fair value and the periodic changes in fair value are carried to profit or loss under financing costs or financing income, as applicable. The fair value of the derivative warrant liability is categorized as level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

 

The fair value valuation of the warrants was based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model, calculated in two stages. Initially, the fair value of these call warrants issued to investors were calculated, assuming no restrictions applied to such call warrants. As the Company, under certain circumstances, has a right to force the investors to either exercise their warrants or have them cancelled, the second calculation calculates the value of the warrants as call warrants that were issued by the investor to the company. The net fair value results from reducing the call investor warrants fair value from the call warrants fair value, as long as the intrinsic value of the call warrants (share price at the period end less exercise price of the warrants) is not greater than such value. Should the intrinsic value of the warrants be higher than the Black-Scholes two stage method described above, then the intrinsic value of the warrants is considered to be a more accurate measure to use in determining the fair value.

 

 

 

 

September 2024 equity raise

 

In September 2024 the Company issued 189,174,999 shares attached to a corresponding 189,174,999 warrants. Each share with its attached warrant was issued for £0.003, realising gross proceeds of $0.76 million (£0.57 million) and net cash proceeds after issuance expenses of $0.70 million (£0.53 million).

 

David Levi, a director and CEO of the Company subscribed for 9,008,333 of these shares and 9,008,333 corresponding warrants, on the same terms that outside investors participated, for an aggregate sum of £27,025.

 

Each warrant is exercisable at £0.0075 with a life term of 18 months. The warrants are not transferable, are not traded on an exchange and have an accelerator clause, whereby these warrants may be called by the Company if the closing mid-market share price of the Company equal or exceed £0.0150 over a 5-consecutive day period. If such 5-consecutive day period condition is met, the Company may serve notice on the warrant holders to exercise their relevant warrants within 7 calendar days, failing which, such remaining unexercised warrants shall be cancelled.

 

The following factors were used in calculating the fair value of the warrants at their issuance:

 

Risk free rate                                     5.5%

Volatility                                        319.0%

 

As at 31 December 2025, none of these warrants have been exercised.              

 

Upon this equity raise being concluded, the brokers for this transaction received 1,666,667 shares with a fair value of approximately $7,000. No warrants were issued with these shares.

 

Upon initial recognition of this equity raise, the Company allocated the gross proceeds as follows: approximately $30,000 was allocated as a derivative warrants liability with the remainder of the proceeds amounting to $0.73 million (after deduction of the allocated issuance costs of approximately $60,000) being allocated to share capital and share premium.

 

May 2025 equity raise

 

In May 2025 the Company issued 3,636,363,633 shares attached to, a corresponding 3,636,363,633 warrants. Each share with its attached warrant was issued for 0.022 P per share, realising gross proceeds of $1.06 million (£0.80 million) and net cash proceeds after issuance expenses of $0.99 million (£0.74 million).

 

David Levi, a director and the CEO of the Company and Joseph Albagli, a director and the non-executive chairman of the Company subscribed for 186,363,635 of these shares and 186,363,635 corresponding warrants, on the same terms that outside investors participated, for an aggregate sum of approximately $54,000 (£41,000).

 

Each warrant is exercisable at 0.022 P per share expiring on the 7th of May 2026. The warrants are not transferable, are not traded on an exchange and have an accelerator clause, whereby these warrants may be called by the Company if the closing mid-market share price of the Company equal or exceed 0.045 P per share over a 5-consecutive day period. If such 5-consecutive day period condition is met, the Company may serve notice on the warrant holders to exercise their relevant warrants within 7 calendar days, failing which, such remaining unexercised warrants shall be cancelled.

 

The following factors were used in calculating the fair value of the warrants at their issuance:

 

Risk free rate                                     3.9%

Volatility                                        148.4%

 

As at 31 December 2025, none of these warrants have been exercised.              

 

Upon this equity raise being concluded, the brokers for this transaction received 163,409,086 warrants with identical terms as those described above, with a fair value of approximately $9,000.

 

Upon initial recognition of this equity raise, the Company allocated the gross proceeds as follows: $205,445 was allocated as a derivative warrants liability with the remainder of the proceeds amounting to $0.82 million (after deduction of the allocated issuance costs of approximately $42,000) being allocated to share capital, share premium and to the accumulated deficit. A portion of the proceeds was added to the accumulated deficit, as after accounting for the warrants liability, the remaining amount attributable to the share capital was less than the par value of the shares. Therefore the shares were accounted for at their par value of $999,825 and the shortfall of approximately $189,000 was added to the accumulated deficit.

 

 

[2]    Shares issued without warrants

 

December 2024 equity raise

 

In December 2024 the Company issued 97,766,091 shares at 0.133 P per share, realising gross proceeds of $0.17 million (£0.13 million) and net proceeds after issuance costs of $0.16 million.

David Levi subscribed for 4,887,218 of these shares issued for an aggregate sum of £6,500.

 

The gross proceeds after deduction of the issuance costs were allocated to share capital.

 

March 2025 equity raise

In March 2025 the Company issued 177,500,000 shares at 0.05 P per share, realising gross proceeds of $0.12 million (£0.09 million) and net proceeds after issuance costs of $0.11 million.

The gross proceeds after deduction of the issuance costs were allocated to share capital.

 

November 2025 equity raise

In November 2025 the Company issued 711,427,301 shares, together with a convertible loan note convertible into 4,284,037,559 shares in December 2025 after an Extraordinary Shareholder Meeting increased the authorized share capital of the Company to allow the latter issuance of shares, which were issued in December 2025. This realising gross proceeds of $0.45 million (£0.34 million) and net proceeds after issuance costs of $0.03 million.

The gross proceeds after deduction of the issuance costs were allocated to share capital.

 

 

[3]    Shares issued pursuant to structured investment deed

 

In May 2024 the Company entered into a structured investment deed and issued 40,000,000 shares ("Subscription Shares") and a contingent warrant in exchange for gross proceeds of £800,000 ($1.01m). The net proceeds received after issuance expenses was $0.94m.

 

The Warrant is initially exercisable at a price of 1 P per share for a period of 44 days from the closing. The exercise price is reset on the 45th day after closing, following which it will be calculated as the average (in pounds Sterling, rounded down to three decimal places) of the lowest five, daily Volume Weighted Average Price ("VWAP") of the Company's share price on the stock-market, during the 20 trading days before the receipt of a warrant exercise notice by the Company, less a 15% discount, rounded down to the nearest decimal place.

 

The Warrant has an 8-month exercise period and can be exercised in full or in part. The amount available to be exercised under the Warrant is £800,000, less the value of the 40,000,000 Subscription Shares, calculated by reference to the relevant exercise price, such that the investor will be entitled to exercise the Warrant only for an amount exceeding the difference between the maximum amount of £800,000 (or a lower amount outstanding at the time following prior exercise of the Warrant) and the value of 40,000,000 Subscription Shares at the relevant exercise price. The exercise price of the Warrant is prefunded by way of the £800,000 gross fundraise amount and, accordingly, no additional payment will be made by the investor to the Company in connection with the exercise of the Warrant.

 

Accounting treatment

 

As the exercise price of the warrants is denominated in GBP and not in the Company's functional currency, it was determined that the Company's obligation under such warrants cannot be considered as an obligation to issue a fixed number of equity instruments in exchange for a fixed amount of cash. Accordingly, it was determined that such warrants represent a derivative financial liability required to be accounted for at fair value through the profit or loss category.

 

At issuance, the structured warrant is a hybrid instrument containing components which feature in regular options and other components which are different to regular options. The valuation method considered to be appropriate for such an instrument is the Naïve approach, which is calculated by multiplying:

a.    the share price of the Company at such date, by

b.    the total number of shares that the warrant holder would have been issued if the entire warrant was exercised at such issuance date, assuming that the 1 P per share exercise price had already expired.

 

Upon an exercise of the structured warrant or part thereof, the fair market value of the shares issued are recorded in share capital and share premium, with the difference between that amount and the principal warrant amount exercised, being carried through to the profit or loss as finance expenses. The fair market value of the shares issued is considered as the three day average closing share price, commencing from the date of admission to the stock exchange.

 

The periodic change in the fair value is carried to profit or loss under financing costs or financing income, as applicable. The fair value of the derivative warrant liability is categorised as level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

 

Initial warrant valuation

 

Upon initial recognition the Company allocated the gross investment amount of £800,000 ($1.01 million) as follows:

a.    $0.9 million as a derivative warrants liability.

b.    The remainder of the proceeds being $0.1 million, to share capital and premium.

 

The issuance expenses of approximately $0.07m were allocated to the equity components in the same proportion as they were initially recorded. These expenses were accounted for as follows:

a.      The expenses related to the warrant component were carried to profit or loss as an immediate expense.

b.     The expenses related to the share capital component were netted off against the amount carried to equity.

 

Warrant exercises

 

During 2024, in addition to the issuance of 40,000,000 shares as mentioned above, the following shares of the Company were issuable upon exercises of the warrant instrument:

 

Date of exercise in 2024	Date of Admission	Warrant exercise amount in GBP		Issue price per share in P	Number of shares issued
12 July	17 July 2024		395,000	0.40	98,750,000
21 October	25 October 2024		195,000	0.10	195,000,000
Total					293,750,000
23 December	2 January 2025		178,000	0.08	222,500,000	*
			768,000		516,250,000

 

 *  As these shares were issued in 2025, they are shown in the Statement of Changes in Equity as shares to be allotted.

 

As at 31 December 2024, the entire warrant instrument had been exercised and as such no balance related to this warrant is reflected in the Statement of Financial Position.

 

[4]    Expenses paid for in shares

 

As part of the agreed remuneration as non-Executive Chairman for the period from 1 March 2023 to 29 February 2024, Joseph Albagli is entitled to receive shares equal to a monthly amount of £1,250. In March 2024 the Company issued 921,152 shares in lieu of the £15,000 owing to Joseph Albagli for the above-mentioned period. During March 2026 the Company issued shares in lieu of the compensation owing to Joseph Albagli for the two-year period from 1 March 2024 to 28 February 2026. See Note 29.C.

 

In September 2024, service providers to the Company agreed to receive 1,666,667 shares at the September 2024 equity raise issue price of GBP 0.003 in satisfaction of £5,000 of outstanding fees due to them.

 

NOTE 17               -       SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

A.      In 2013 the Company's Board of Directors approved a share option plan for the grant of options without consideration, to employees, service providers and directors of the Company, which are exercisable into the Company's ordinary shares. The exercise price and vesting period (generally four years) for each grantee of options, is determined by the Company's Board of Directors and specified in such grantee's option agreement. In accordance with Section 102 of the Israel tax code, the Israeli resident grantee's options, are held by a trustee. The options are not cashless (they need to be paid for) and expire upon the expiration date determined by the Board of Directors (generally ten years from the date of the grant). The expiration date may be brought forward upon the termination of grantee's employment or services to the Company. Options do not vest after the termination of employment or services to the Company.

 

The following table summarises the salient details and values regarding the options granted (all amounts are in US Dollars unless otherwise indicated):

 

		Option grant dates
		29 Oct 2024	20 Feb 2024
Number of options granted		63,600,000	33,200,000
Exercise price in $		0.0032	0.0189
Recipients of the options		Employees and sub contractors	Employees
Approximate fair value at grant date (in $):
Total benefit		96,463	298,368
Per option benefit		0.0015	0.0090
Assumptions used in computing value:
Risk-free interest rate		4.28%	4.33%
Dividend yield		0.00%	0.00%
Expected volatility		70%	70%
Expected term (in years)		10.0	10.0
Expensed amount recorded for year ended:
31 December 2024		15,953	166,752
31 December 2025		39,283	48,355

 

The remaining value of these options at 31 December 2025, which have yet to be recorded as expenses, amount to $38,685 (2024: $180,938).

 

As some of these employees left the employ of the company prior to 31 December 2025, their options were cancelled.

 

Share based compensation was treated in these financial statements as follows:

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Total expensed amount recorded	90,844	212,680
Total	90,844	212,680

 

 

The following tables present a summary of the status of the employee option grants by the Company as of 31 December 2025 and 2024:

 

			Weighted
			average
			exercise
	Number		price (US$)
Year ended 31 December 2025
Balance outstanding at beginning of year	96,935,001		0.01
Granted	-		-
Exercised	-		-
Forfeited	(25,006,203)		0.02
Balance outstanding at end of the year	71,928,798		0.01
Balance exercisable at the end of the year	30,405,588

 

			Weighted
			average
			exercise
	Number		price (US$)
Year ended 31 December 2024
Balance outstanding at beginning of year	1,757,000		0.37
Granted	96,800,001		0.01
Exercised	-		-
Forfeited	(1,622,000)		0.02
Balance outstanding at end of the year	96,935,001		0.01
Balance exercisable at the end of the year	9,250,915

 

 

B.      The option pool was increased to 50,000,000 options by a resolution passed on 14 January 2024 and was increased to 113,600,000 options by a resolution passed on 29 October 2024 and approved by the tax authorities.

 

C.      The following table summarises information about employee options outstanding at 31 December 2025:

			Weighted						Weighted
	Outstanding		average		Weighted		Exercisable		average
	at 31		remaining		average		at 31		remaining
Exercise	December		contractual		exercise		December		contractual
price	2025		life (years)		price (US$)		2025		life (years)
£0.002	47,529,631		9.2		0.003		15,843,216		9.2
£0.02	23,545,167		9.2		0.02		13,734,672		9.2
£0.20	30,000		5.9		0.26		30,000		5.9
£0.21	20,000		5.5		0.26		20,000		5.5
£0.29	104,000		5.4		0.39		78,000		5.4
£0.29	400,000		7.1		0.39		400,000		7.1
£0.33	30,000		1.2		0.46		30,000		1.2
£0.40	130,000		4.4		0.54		130,000		4.4
£0.53	100,000		5.6		0.60		100,000		5.6
£1.05	40,000		2.2		1.28		40,000		2.2
	71,928,798						30,405,888

The following table summarises information about employee options outstanding at 31 December 2024:

			Weighted						Weighted
	Outstanding		average		Weighted		Exercisable		average
	at 31		remaining		average		at 31		remaining
Exercise	December		contractual		exercise		December		contractual
price	2024		life (years)		price (US$)		2024		life (years)
$0.20	20,000		2.2		0.20		20,000		2.2
£0.002	63,600,000		9.2		0.003		-		9.2
£0.02	31,800,001		9.2		0.02		7,949,997		9.2
£0.12	11,000		5.6		0.16		11,000		5.6
£0.14	35,000		5.3		0.17		17,500		5.3
£0.20	230,000		5.9		0.26		230,000		5.9
£0.21	20,000		5.5		0.26		20,000		5.5
£0.21	200,000		5.9		0.27		200,000		5.9
£0.29	174,000		5.9		0.39		87,000		5.9
£0.29	400,000		7.1		0.39		366,668		7.1
£0.33	30,000		5.6		0.46		22,500		5.6
£0.40	130,000		4.4		0.54		97,500		4.4
£0.45	225,000		5.6		0.60		168,750		5.6
£1.00	20,000		4.6		1.25		20,000		4.6
£1.05	40,000		2.2		1.28		40,000		2.2
	96,935,001						9,250,915

 

The fair value of options granted to employees was determined at the date of each grant. The fair value of the options granted are expensed in the profit and loss, except for those that were allocated to capitalised research and development costs (up to and including 30 June 2019).

 

D.      Shares and equity instruments issued in lieu of payment for services provided

 

a.    Upon the successful equity raise concluded in January 2023, the brokers responsible for this transaction received 573,429 two year warrants exercisable at £0.07 per warrant. The fair-value of these warrants at the time of issuance was approximately $23,000. As at 31 December 2025, the fair-value of these unexercised options was zero.

 

b.    During 2024 the Company issued 921,152 shares to the Company's non-executive chairman in lieu of $19,000 owing as part of his agreed remuneration. See also Note 16.D.[4] and Note 29.C.

 

c.     In September 2024, service providers to the Company agreed to receive 1,666,667 shares at the September 2024 equity raise issue price of £0.003 in satisfaction of £5,000 of outstanding fees due to them. See Note 16.D.[1].

NOTE 18       -     REVENUE

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Sales	662,098	1,043,600
Royalties	307,824	210,473
Maintenance and support	80,000	129,492
Total revenue	1,049,922	1,383,565

 

NOTE 19       -     RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Employee remuneration, related costs and subcontractors (*)	1,839,255	2,538,025
Maintenance of software and computers	15,638	52,815
Insurance and other expenses	4,273	191,275
Amortisation	961,380	961,380
Grant procurement expenses	-	-
Total research and development expenses	2,820,546	3,743,495
(*) Including share based compensation.	91,140	208,631

 

NOTE 20       -     GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Employee remuneration and related costs (*)	28,761	188,946
Professional fees	722,297	957,872
Rentals and maintenance	243,342	148,587
Depreciation	699,097	649,932
Travel expenses	7,071	-
Impairment (recoveries) losses of trade receivables	(32,207)	140,843
Total general and administrative expenses	1,668,361	2,086,180
(*) Including share based compensation.	(296)	4,049

 

NOTE 21       -     MARKETING EXPENSES

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Employee remuneration and related costs (*)	394,837	408,417
Marketing expenses	30,784	118,921
Travel expenses	1,701	7,558
Total marketing expenses	427,322	534,896
(*) Including share based compensation.	-	-

 

NOTE 22       -     OTHER INCOME

This is a capital gain on assets disposed of.

 

NOTE 23       -     FINANCING COSTS

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Bank fees, interest and others	226,869	13,874
Lease liability financial expenses	65,134	98,098
Revaluation of warrant derivative liability	-	588,721
Expenses allocated to issuing warrants	12,292	69,952
Exchange rate differences	250,532	-
Total financing costs	554,827	770,645

 

NOTE 24       -     FINANCING INCOME

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Revaluation of warrant derivative liability	218,087	12,706
Revaluation of liability related to share subscription agreement and structured investment deed, measured at FVTPL	53,333	-
Interest received	1,270	1,613
Exchange rate differences, net	-	13,122
Total financing income	272,690	27,441

 

NOTE 25       -     TAX EXPENSE

A.      The Company is assessed for income tax in Israel - its country of incorporation. The Israeli corporate tax rates for the relevant years is 23%.

 

B.      As of 31 December 2025, the Company has carry-forward losses for Israeli income tax purposes of approximately $50 million (2024: $40 million). These tax losses have no expiry date. According to management's estimation of the Company's future taxable profits, it is no longer probable in the foreseeable future, that future taxable profits would utilise all the tax losses.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C.      Theoretical tax reconciliation

         

For the years ended 31 December 2025 and 2024, the following table reconciles the expected tax expense (benefit) per the statutory income tax rate to the reported tax expense in profit or loss as follows:

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Loss before tax	(5,726,462)	(5,832,709)
Tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate	23%	23%
Expected tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate	(1,317,086)	(1,341,523)
Changes in taxes from permanent differences in share-based compensation	16,626	48,916
Increase in loss carryforwards	1,300,460	1,292,607
Income tax expense	-	-

 

 

NOTE 26       -     BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER ORDINARY SHARE

A.      The earnings and the weighted average number of shares used in computing basic loss per ordinary share, are as follows:

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Loss for the year attributable to ordinary shareholders	5,726,462	5,832,709

 

	Number of shares
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the computation of basic loss per ordinary share	4,179,048,317	550,797,251

 

B.      For the years ended 31 December 2025 and 2024, the Company recorded a net loss. Consequentially, the effects of all outstanding share options and warrants are anti-dilutive as their inclusion would decrease the loss per share.

 

In accordance with IAS 33.70(c), the following potential ordinary shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

 

	31 December
	2025	2024
Employee Share Options	71,928,798	96,935,001
2023 Warrants	19,874,088	19,874,088
2024 Warrants	189,174,999	189,174,999
2025 Warrants	3,636,363,633	-
Total Anti-Dilutive Instruments	3,917,341,518	305,984,088

 

 

NOTE 27       -     FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND RISK MANAGEMENT

A.             Financial risk and risk management

The activity of the Company exposes it to a variety of financial risks and market risks. The Company re-assesses the financial risks in each period and makes appropriate decisions regarding such risks. The risks are managed by Company management which identifies, assesses and hedges against the risks.

 

·        Exposure to changes in exchange rates

The Company is exposed to risks relating to changes in the exchange rate of the NIS and other currencies versus the U.S. dollar (which constitutes the Company's functional currency). Most of the revenues of the Company are expected to be denominated in US dollars, while the substantial majority of its expenses are in shekels (mainly payroll expenses). Therefore, a change in the exchange rates may have an impact on the results of the operations of the Company.

 

Currency basis of financial instruments

	US dollars
	31 December 2025
	NIS	GBP	Euro	US $	Total
Assets
Cash	12,617	7,623	-	11,577	31,817
Trade receivables	-	-	-	123,878	123,878
	12,617	7,623	-	135,455	155,695
Liabilities
Trade payables	1,254,325	40,504	-	32,854	1,327,683
Warrants liability	-	2,711	-		2,711
IIA royalty liability	-	-	-	50,830	50,830
	1,254,325	43,215	-	83,684	1,381,224
	(1,241,708)	(35,592)	-	51,771	(1,225,529)
	US dollars
	31 December 2024
	NIS	GBP	Euro	US $	Total
Assets
Cash	39,011	5,722	-	5,980	50,713
Trade receivables	54,843	-	-	330,157	385,000
	93,854	5,722	-	336,137	435,713
Liabilities
Trade payables	1,008,594	73,396	-	279,122	1,361,112
Warrants liability	-	15,353	-	-	15,353
IIA royalty liability	-	-	-	48,599	48,599
Non-current lease liabilities	382,263	-	-	-	382,263
	1,390,857	88,749	-	327,721	1,807,327
	(1,297,003)	(83,027)	-	8,416	(1,371,614)

·        Sensitivity to changes in exchange rates of the NIS and other currencies to the US dollar

 

A change in the exchange rate of the NIS and other currencies to the USD as of the dates of the relevant statement of financial position, at the rates set out below, which according to Management are reasonably possible, would increase (decrease) the profit and loss by the amounts set out below. The analysis below was performed under the assumption that the rest of the variables remained unchanged.

 

	US dollars
	Sensitivity to changes in exchange rates of the non US dollar currencies to the US dollar
	Effect on profit (loss)/equity (before tax) from the changes caused by the market factor		Book value	Effect on profit (loss)/equity (before tax) from the changes caused by the market factor
	Increase at the rate of		31 December	Decrease at the rate of
	10%	5%	2025	5%	10%
Cash	(2,024)	(1,012)	20,240	1,012	2,024
Trade payables	129,483	64,741	(1,294,829)	(64,741)	(129,483)
Warrants liability	271	136	(2,711)	(136)	(271)
Total	127,730	63,865	(1,277,300)	(63,865)	(127,730)

 

 

	US dollars
	Sensitivity to changes in exchange rates of the non US dollar currencies to the US dollar
	Effect on profit (loss)/equity (before tax) from the changes caused by the market factor		Book value	Effect on profit (loss)/equity (before tax) from the changes caused by the market factor
	Increase at the rate of		31 December	Decrease at the rate of
	10%	5%	2024	5%	10%
Cash	(4,473)	(2,237)	44,733	2,237	4,473
Trade receivables	(5,484)	(2,742)	54,843	2,742	5,484
Trade payables	108,199	54,100	(1,081,990)	(54,100)	(108,199)
Warrants liability	1,535	768	(15,353)	(768)	(1,535)
Non-current lease liabilities	38,226	19,113	(382,263)	(19,113)	(38,226)
Total	138,003	69,002	(1,380,030)	(69,002)	(138,003)

 

·        Credit risk

All of the cash and cash equivalents and other short-term financial assets as of 31 December, 2025 and 2024 were deposited with one of the major banks in Israel.

 

Trade receivables as of 31 December 2025 and 2024 were from customers in Israel, the U.S., Europe, and Asia, which included the major customers as detailed in Note 28. The Company performs ongoing reviews of the credit worthiness of customers, the amount of credit granted to customers and the possibility of loss therefrom. The Company includes an adequate allowance for impairment losses (expected credit loss).

 

·        Trade receivables

IFRS 9 provides a simplified model of recognising lifetime expected credit losses for all trade receivables as these items do not have a significant financing component.

 

In measuring the expected credit losses, the trade receivables have been assessed by management on a collective basis as well as on a case by case basis. Trade receivables are written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery. Management have indicated a concern regarding the receivable from a few customers, for which a provision has been made. As at 31 December 2025, the provision for expected credit losses was $647,636 (2024: $679,843) - see Note 6 for more details.

 

	US dollars
Balance at 1 January 2024	699,000
Additions	-
Reductions	(19,157)
Balance at 31 December 2024	679,843
Additions	-
Reductions	(32,207)
Balance at 31 December 2025	647,636

 

Liquidity risk

The Company financed its activities from its operations, issuing shares and warrants, shareholders' loans and short and long-term borrowings from the bank. For further details on the Company's liquidity, refer to Note 2. All the non-current liabilities at 31 December 2025 and 2024 were lease liabilities which are serviced monthly. The short-term borrowings at 31 December 2025 and 2024 and the trade payables and other current liabilities are expected to be paid within 1 year. It is therefore not expected that the Company will encounter difficulty in meeting its obligations associated with financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset.

 

The Company's non-derivative financial liabilities have contractual maturities as summarized below:

	US dollars
	31 December 2025
	Within 6 months	6 to 12 months	1 to 3 years	More than  3 years
Trade payables	1,327,683	-	-	-
Other short-term liabilities	1,957,763	-	-	-
IIA royalty liability	-	-	15,000	52,500
Lease liabilities including future interest costs	251,281	209,401	-	-
Total	3,536,727	209,401	15,000	52,500

 

 

	US dollars
	31 December 2024
	Within 6 months	6 to 12 months	1 to 3 years	More than  3 years
Trade payables	1,361,112	-	-	-
Other short-term liabilities	952,874	3,014	-	-
IIA royalty liability	2,682	2,700	15,000	47,118
Lease liabilities including future interest costs	219,613	219,613	841,849	-
Total	2,536,281	225,327	856,849	47,118

 

B.              Fair value of financial instruments

General

The financial instruments of the Company include mainly trade receivables and debit balances, credit from banking institutions and others, trade payables and credit balances, IIA liability, and balances from transactions with shareholders.

 

The principal methods and assumptions used in calculating the estimated fair value of the financial instruments are as follows (fair value for disclosure purposes):

 

Financial instruments included in current asset items

Certain instruments (cash and cash equivalents, other short-term financial assets, trade receivables and debit balances) are of a current nature and, therefore, the balances as of 31 December, 2025 and 2024, approximate their fair value.

 

Financial instruments included in current liability items

Certain instruments (credit from banking institutions and others, trade payables and credit balances, suppliers and service providers and balances with shareholders) - in view of the current nature of such instruments, the balances as at 31 December, 2025 and 2024 approximate their fair value. Other instruments are measured at fair value through profit or loss.

 

Financial instruments' fair value movements

The reconciliation of the carrying amounts of financial instruments classified within Level 3 (based on unobservable inputs) is as follows:

			US dollars
			Financial liabilities
			Warrants liability
Balance at 1 January 2024			(2,841)
Recognition in asset (liability)			(913,559)
Liability exchanged for shares issued			991,107
Revaluation Adjustment			(90,060)
Fair Value at 31 December 2024			(15,353)
Recognition in asset (liability)			(205,445)
Liability exchanged for shares issued			-
Revaluation Adjustment			218,087
Fair Value at 31 December 2025			(2,711)

 

 

Both the financial assets and the two types of financial liabilities are measured at fair value through profit and loss.

 

Measurement of fair value of financial instruments

 

The following valuation techniques are used for instruments categorised in Level 3:

 

Liability related to share subscription agreement

 

The fair value of the liability related to share subscription agreement is categorised as level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

 

The liability is valued by adding:

·    the number of shares that the Investor would receive from a unilateral exchange for his outstanding subscription amount, multiplied by the current share price of the Company, and

·    the outstanding subscription amount that the Company may choose to repay in cash amount.

 

Warrants liability

 

This liability is valued at the fair value of the Warrants as described in detail in Note 16.D.[1] regarding the September 2024 and the May 2025 equity raises. Should the Company's share price increase, then the warrants' fair value will increase by a lower amount, as is inherent in the Black Scholes option pricing model. In addition, as the Company has a "put" warrant which is triggered under certain circumstances when the Company's share price reaches a certain share price, the value of the Warrants will not increase indefinitely for the period that the "put" option is in place.

 

C.              Capital management

The objectives of the Company's policy are to maintain its ability to continue operating as a going concern with a goal of providing the shareholders with a return on their investment and to maintain a beneficial equity structure with a goal of reducing the costs of capital. The Company may take different steps toward the goal of preserving or adapting its equity structure, including a return of equity to the shareholders and/or the issuance of new shares for purposes of paying debts and for purposes of continuing the research and development activity conducted by the Company. For the purpose of the Company's capital management, capital includes the issued capital, share premium and all other equity reserves attributable to the equity holders of the Company.

 

 

NOTE 28                  -           SEGMENT REPORTING

 

A.    The Company has implemented the principles of IFRS 8 ('Operating Segments'), in respect of reporting segmented activities. In terms of IFRS 8, the management has determined that the Company has a single area of business, being the development and delivery of high-end network processing technology.

 

The Company's revenues from customers are divided into the following geographical areas:

 

	US dollars
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Israel	205,424	244,073
United States	844,498	1,139,492
	1,049,922	1,383,565

 

	%
	Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Israel	19.6%	17.6%
United States	80.4%	82.4%
	100.0%	100.0%

 

Revenue from customers in the Company's domicile, Israel, as well as its major market, the United States and Asia, have been identified on the basis of the customer's geographical locations.

 

The Company's revenues from major customers as a percentage of total revenue was:

	% Year ended 31 December
	2025	2024
Customer A	63%	56%
Customer B	20%	20%
Customer C	17%	15%
Customer D	0%	7%
Customer E	0%	2%
	100.0%	100%

 

B.    All of the Company's non-current assets are located in the Company's country of domicile.

 

NOTE 29               -              RELATED PARTIES

A.    Founders

In April 2017, the employment agreement of the two founders of the Company, Mr. David Levi and Mr. Shavit Baruch, was amended, in terms of which each of them, in addition to their salary, is entitled to a performance bonus of 5% of the Company's annual profit before tax. For each year, the bonus shall be capped at $250,000 each. Such bonus is dependent on their continual employment by the Company.

 

Shavit Baruch had an amount due to him for compensation originating in prior years. As at 31 December 2025, the Company owed him in this regard a balance of $71,215 (2024: $107,093) - see Note 14.

 

In October 2023, David Levi, a co-founder of the Company provided a non-interest bearing loan to the Company of 1,000,000 NIS (approx. £200,000 or $250,000), This loan was approved by the court and, entitles David Levi to be repaid as a priority creditor in any event, by the end of the Temporary Suspension of Proceedings ("TSP") process.

 

In December 2023, David Levi subscribed for 7,500,000 shares at the same price as outside investors paid in the Company's equity raise of £700,000 ($880,000). David Levi settled the purchase price for these shares in exchange for the satisfaction of 347,350 NIS (£75,000 or $ 94,500) of his non-interest bearing priority loan.

 

The 652,650 NIS remaining amount of the non-interest bearing loan was repaid to David Levi on 6 February 2024.

 

On 26 September 2024, David Levi subscribed for 9,008,333 new ordinary shares in the Company (the "Subscription Shares") at a price of 0.3p per share. David Levi was also granted one warrant for every Subscription Share subscribed for, exercisable at a price of 0.75p per share. The warrants are exercisable for a period of 18 months.

 

On 4 December 2024, David Levi subscribed for 4,887,218 new ordinary shares of the Company at a price of 0.133p per share.

 

B.    Chief Financial Officer

 

Ayala Deutsch took over the CFO duties from August 2023, and was formally appointed as permanent CFO in February 2024, when she was also appointed to the board of directors. Ayala Deutsch stepped down from her position as CFO and board member on 9 October 2024.

 

Tomer Assis was appointed as CFO on 9 October 2024 and received 1,500,000 ESOP options with a fair value of $2,275, vesting quarterly over a 3 year period.

 

 

C.    Remuneration of key management personnel including directors for the year ended 31 December 2025

				US dollars
Name	Position	Salary and benefits		Pension benefits		Share based compe-nsation	Total
David Levi	Chief Executive Officer (2)	300,196		39,447		-	339,643
Shavit Baruch	VP Research & Development	289,848		42,882		-	332,730
Tomer Asiss (6)	Chief Financial Officer	120,193		-		-	120,193
Joseph Albagli (3)	Non Executive Chairman	15,316		-		-	15,316
Richard Bennett (1)(4)	Non Executive Director	6,714		-		-	6,714
Julie Kunstler (5)	Non Executive Director	6,517		-		-	6,517
Aviva Banczewaski (5)	Non Executive Director	6,669		-		-	6,669
		745,453		82,329		-	827,782

 

⁽¹⁾          Independent director.

⁽²⁾          Key management personnel as well as directors long-term employee benefits and termination benefits account for less than 12.5% of their salary and benefits.

⁽³⁾          As part of the agreed compensation, monthly shares equal to the value of £1,250 are accrued. In March 2024 - 921,152 shares accrued have been allotted. The accrued shares as of March 2025, amounting to 6,936,578 shares will be allotted during 2025.

⁽⁴⁾          Appointed 7 April 2022.

⁽⁵⁾          Appointed 16 April 2024.

⁽⁶⁾          Apponted as CFO on 9 October 2024.

 

 

 

 

 

Remuneration of key management personnel including directors for the year ended 31 December 2024

			US dollars
Name	Position	Salary and benefits		Pension benefits		Share based compe-nsation		Total
David Levi	Chief Executive Officer	226,817		39,447		75,158		341,422
Shavit Baruch	VP R&D	212,628		42,882		31,026		286,536
Tomer Asiss (4)	Chief Financial Officer	34,825		-		412		35,237
Ayala Deutsch (3)	Chief Financial Officer	93,421		22,378		(1,304)		114,495
Joseph Albagli (1)	Non Executive Chairman	27,990		-		3,360		31,350
Richard Bennett	Non Executive Director	23,449		-		-		23,449
Julie Kunstler (2)	Non Executive Director	8,115		-		-		8,115
Aviva Banczewski (2)	Non Executive Director	7,964		-		-		7,964
		635,209		104,707		108,652		848,568

 

⁽¹⁾        As part of the agreed compensation, monthly shares equal to the value of £1,250 are accrued. In March 2024 - 921,152 shares accrued have been allotted. The accrued shares as of March 2025, amounting to 6,936,578 shares will be allotted during 2025.

⁽²⁾        Appointed 16 April 2024.

⁽³⁾        Ceased to act as CFO and director on 9 October 2024.

⁽⁴⁾        Appointed as CFO on 9 October 2024.

 

 

D.    Directors' equity interests in the Company as at 31 December 2025

	Shares				Options and warrants
Name	Direct holdings		Unexercised vested options	Unvested options		Unexercised 0.022p warrants	Total options and warrants
David Levi	223,522,797		14,140,670	19,295,862		181,818,181	215,254,713
Shavit Baruch	5,760,438		4,861,947	6,147,461		-	11,009,408
Joseph Albagli	5,723,393		-	-		4,545,454	4,545,454
	235,006,628		19,002,617	25,443,323		186,363,635	230,809,575

 

 

As set out further in Note 16, the above directors have participated in certain of the placings and the variation of the warrant instruments during the year ended 31 December 2025.

 

 

Directors' equity interests in the Company as at 31 December 2024

	Shares		Options and warrants
Name	Direct holdings		Unexercised vested options	Unvested options	Total options and warrants
David Levi	41,704,616		12,053,493	30,391,372	42,444,865
Shavit Baruch	5,760,438		1,242,145	9,767,263	11,009,408
Joseph Albagli	1,177,939		123,666	2,625,789	2,749,455
	48,642,993		13,419,304	42,784,424	56,203,728

 

 

 

As set out further in Note 16, some of the above directors have participated in certain of the placings during the year ended 31 December 2024.

 

 

NOTE 30       -      RECONCILIATION OF LIABILITIES ARISING FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

	Lease Liabilities	Warrants liability	Total
1 January 2025	759,550	15,353	774,903
Cashflow
-      Repayments	(399,837)	-	(399,837)
-      Proceeds	-	205,445	205,445
Non-cash movement
-      Revaluation Adjustment	-	(218,087)	(218,087)
-      Exchange rate differences	77,673	-	77,673
31 December 2025 (*)	437,386	2,711	440,097

 

⁽*⁾   Including current maturities of $437, 386

 

 

	Lease Liabilities	Short Term Borrowings	Warrants liability	Total
1 January 2024	1,106,357	96,306	2,841	1,205,504
Cashflow
-      Repayments	(335,373)	(136,807)	-	(472,180)
-      Proceeds	-	41,055	913,559	954,614
Non-cash movement
-      Liability exchanged for shares issued	-	-	(991,107)	(991,107)
-      Revaluation Adjustment	-	-	90,060	90,060
-      Exchange rate differences	(11,434)	(554)	-	(11,988)
31 December 2024 (*)	759,550	-	15,353	774,903

 

⁽*⁾   Including current maturities of $377,287.

                                For financial liabilities to be settled through issuance of ordinary shares see Notes 16.D and 27B.

 

NOTE 31       -     SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

1.      In February 2026, the Company twice raised further equity capital totaling £597,500 ($820,000) before expenses, by issuing 14,937,500,000 shares and 14,937,500,000 associated warrants (together, a "unit"), at 0.004 P per unit. The warrants may be exercised within 12 months of each equity raise at a price per share of 0.0004 P. These warrants have an identical accelerator clause as those warrants issued in the May 2025 equity raise, excepting that the accelerator price is set at 0.006 P per share - see Note 16.D.[1].

 

2.      In March 2026, at an Extraordinary General Meeting, the Company's authorized share capital was increased to 40,300,000,000 shares.

 

3.      As part of the agreed remuneration as non-Executive Chairman Joseph Albagli is entitled to receive shares equal to a monthly amount of £1,250. In March 2026, the Company issued 6,936,578 shares for the period from 1 March 2024 to 28 February 2025 at a price of 0.43 P per share and 143,920,859 shares for the period from 1 March 2025 to 28 February 2026 at a price of 0.02 P per share.

 

4.      In March 2026, the company issued 1,350,000,000 shares to directors in exchange for GBP 54,000 cash remuneration due to them as follows:

 

David Levi                                     GBP 30,000 for 750,000,000 shares

Shavit Baruch                               GBP 12,000 for 300,000,000 shares

Joseph Albagli                              GBP 12,000 for 300,000,000 shares

 

 

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