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Galileo Resources PLC announced an initial Inferred Mineral Resource Estimate (MRE) for its 75%-owned Luansobe copper project in Zambia on 09 February 2023. The MRE, completed by independent consultants Addison Mining Services and effective December 21, 2022, includes approximately 5.8 million tonnes gross at 1% total Cu above a 0.25% cut-off, yielding 56,000 tonnes of contained Cu potentially amenable to open pit mining. Additionally, it reports approximately 6.3 million tonnes gross at 1.5% total Cu above a 1% cut-off for 97,000 tonnes of contained Cu potentially amenable to underground mining.
| Date | 9 Feb 2023 |
| Time | 07:00:06 |
| Category | Corporate updates |
| ID | 3661P |
7.00am 9 February 2023
Galileo Resources PLC
09 February 2023
Galileo Resources Plc
("Galileo" or "the Company")
JORC 2012 Inferred Mineral Resource Estimate for the Luansobe Copper Project, Zambia
Galileo Resources plc ("Galileo "or the "Company") is pleased to announce the results of an initial Inferred Mineral Resource Estimate for the Luansobe copper project ("Luansobe" or the "Project") in Zambia, completed by independent consultants Addison Mining Services. Galileo holds a 75% interest in the Project.
· Inferred Mineral Resources reported in accordance with the JORC code 2012 edition, including;
o Approximately 5.8 million tonnes gross at 1% total Cu above a cut-off grade of 0.25% total Cu for 56,000 tonnes of contained Cu, potentially amenable to open pit mining.
o Approximately 6.3 million tonnes gross at 1.5% total Cu above a cut-off grade of 1% total Cu for 97,000 tonnes of contained Cu, potentially amenable to underground mining.
· Additionally, 3.0 to 7.0 million tonne gross exploration target with grades in the region of 1% to 1.5% total Cu at depths between 100m to 300m in an underexplored area of the licence where further drilling may serve to convert this conceptual target to a mineral resource.
· Detailed metallurgical test work has already commenced on a 60 kilogram sample of drill core to determine the optimised processing flow sheet which may contribute to the upgrade of the Mineral Resource classification.
· Tendering for mining contractors can commence once an optimised block model is available as part of general Project planning work
The Luansobe area is situated some 15km to the northwest of the Mufulira Mine in the Zambian Copperbelt which produced well over 9Mt of copper metal during its operation. It forms part of the northwestern limb of the northwest - southeast trending Mufulira syncline and is essentially a strike continuation of Mufulira, with copper mineralisation hosted in the same stratigraphic horizons. At the Luansobe prospect mineralisation occurs over two contiguous zones, dipping at 20-30 degrees to the northeast, over a strike length of about 3km and to a vertical depth of at least 1,250m.
Galileo entered into a Joint Venture agreement with Statunga Investments Limited ("Statunga" or "the Vendors"), a private Zambian company which holds the Luansobe Project ("Project") comprising small-scale exploration licence No. 28340-HQ-SEL in the Zambian Copperbelt.
The JV Agreement provides Galileo the right to earn an initial 75% interest in a special purpose joint venture company to be established under Zambia law to, with Ministerial consent, acquire the exploration licence and the technical data related to the Luansobe Project by making two payments of US$200,000 each (subject to project due diligence) by 20 February 2022 and issuing 5,000,000 Galileo shares to the Vendors. These conditions were met by the Company.
As per our JV agreement, Galileo will continue to evaluate and optimise Project feasibility in parallel to seeking third party quotes for contract mining as referred to above.
If a decision to mine is made by Galileo, then the parties will be entitled to fund pro rata to their beneficial interest in the JV Company. Any funding shortfall by the Vendors will be recovered from subsequent mine production.
The initial Mineral Resource Estimate has been completed by Addison Mining Services Ltd., an independent consultancy based in the United Kingdom and is reported in accordance with the JORC code 2012 edition. Resources are of the Inferred category and include.
· Approximately 5.8 million gross tonnes at 1% total Cu above a cut-off grade of 0.25% total Cu, potentially amenable to open pit mining.
· Approximately 6.3 million gross tonnes at 1.5% total Cu above a cut-off grade of 1% total Cu, potentially amenable to underground mining.
The southeast of the Luansobe licence area remains under explored with insufficient data to allow estimation of a mineral resource. Historic drilling in this area suggests an exploration target of approximately 3 million to 7 million tonnes between depths of 100 to 300m with grades in the region of 1% to 1.5% total Cu. The target area is approximately 2 km by 1 km in surface expression. The exploration target is conceptual in nature and may not be realised. Galileo plans to test the exploration target following evaluation of the open pit mining potential and, given favourable results, the commencement of production. Approximately 5,000m of drilling is recommended to test the area.
The Mineral Resource Estimate is based on wireframe restricted block modelling with grade estimation by ordinary kriging. Pit optimisation was used to identify material which may be amenable to open pit mining - these data are presented in Table 1 below above a cut-off grade off 0.25% total Cu, in addition to Resources that may be amenable to underground mining techniques above a cut-off grade of 1% total Cu. For further information see JORC Table 1 below. Supporting images can be found by clicking on the following links.
Luansobe Plan View Drill Overview
http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/3661P_4-2023-2-8.pdf
Luansobe MRE BM X-section 1
http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/3661P_2-2023-2-8.pdf
Luansobe MRE BM X-section 2
http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/3661P_1-2023-2-8.pdf
Luansobe Plan View Resource Type
http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/3661P_3-2023-2-8.pdf
The estimate incorporates new drilling by Galileo completed between 4th August and 9th November 2022. Galileo drilled 28 diamond holes, totalling of 3,568.4m (ranging between 47.7m and 230.3m in depth). Drillhole size was PQ in overburden with HQ tails. All drillholes are vertical. In addition, 78 drillholes completed in 2006-2007 by previous operators Z.C.C.M. Ltd along with 86 other historical drillholes completed by Roan Consolidated Mines Ltd in 1950 to 1970 were used in the estimate, 30 of which were re-logged by independent consultants GeoQuest on behalf of Galileo. GeoQuest completed pXRF verification of Cu values on the historic core inspected and sampled previously unsampled mineralised core for inclusion in the mineral resource estimate.
Table 1: Inferred Mineral Resources for the Luansobe Project, Zambia.
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Cut-off Total Cu (%) |
Tonnes (t) |
Density (t/m3) |
Total Cu (%) |
Acid Soluble Cu (%) |
Total Cu Metal (t) |
Acid Soluble Cu Metal (t) |
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Open Pit Potential Resources 100% Gross |
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1 |
2,400,000 |
2.5 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
34,000 |
14,000 |
|
0.5 |
4,900,000 |
2.5 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
53,000 |
21,000 |
|
0.25 |
5,800,000 |
2.5 |
1 |
0.4 |
56,000 |
22,000 |
|
Underground Potential Resources 100% Gross |
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2 |
770,000 |
2.5 |
3.5 |
0.4 |
27,000 |
2,900 |
|
1.5 |
1,600,000 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
0.3 |
40,000 |
5,200 |
|
1 |
6,300,000 |
2.5 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
97,000 |
15,000 |
|
|
||||||
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Open Pit Potential Resources 75% Net* |
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1 |
1,800,000 |
2.5 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
25,500 |
10,500 |
|
0.5 |
3,675,000 |
2.5 |
1.1 |
0.4 |
39,800 |
15,800 |
|
0.25 |
4,350,000 |
2.5 |
1 |
0.4 |
42,000 |
16,500 |
|
Underground Potential Resources 75% Net* |
||||||
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2 |
578,000 |
2.5 |
3.5 |
0.4 |
20,300 |
2,200 |
|
1.5 |
1,200,000 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
0.3 |
30,000 |
3,900 |
|
1 |
4,725,000 |
2.5 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
72,800 |
11,300 |
* Net calculations are performed on a 75% basis reflecting Galileo's interest in the Project
Notes relating to Mineral Resource Estimate:
1. The independent Competent Person for the Mineral Resource Estimate, as defined by the JORC Code (2012 edition), is Mr. Richard Siddle, MSc, MAIG, of Addison Mining Services Ltd since November 2014. The effective date of the Mineral Resource Estimate is 21st of December 2022. Mr Siddle has not yet completed a site visit and as such the Mineral Resources are restricted to the Inferred category.
2. No mineral reserve estimates have been undertaken. Mineral resources that are not mineral reserves do not have demonstrated economic viability. The quantity and grade of reported Inferred Resources in this Mineral Resource Estimate are uncertain in nature and there has been insufficient exploration to define these Inferred Resources as Indicated or Measured, however it is reasonably expected that the majority of Inferred Mineral Resources could be upgraded to Indicated Mineral Resources with continued exploration and verification including improved structural understanding of the deposit, fault mapping, further verification of legacy drillholes and metallurgical testing. Following a site visit by the CP it may be possible to convert some of the Inferred Mineral Resources to Indicated Mineral Resources.
3. Acid Soluble Cu (%) represents the concentration of copper that is susceptible to leaching by a 5% sulphuric acid digestion and is a proxy for the concentration of copper present in oxide phases. Chalcocite, a secondary sulphide copper mineral may also report in part to the Acid Soluble Cu. By extension Total Cu (%) minus Acid Soluble Cu (%) is a proxy for the concentration of copper in sulphide phases. Estimation of copper phases is important for future evaluation work as sulphide and oxide copper minerals maybe processed by different methods such as flotation and leaching with electrowinning respectively, bulk flotation is also a possibility. Initial mineral processing testwork has commenced but has yet to be completed at the time of writing.
4. The Inferred mineral resource category set out in the table above at cut-off grades >0.25% Total Cu for open pit and 1% Total Cu for underground mining comply with the resource definitions as described in the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. The JORC Code, 2012 Edition. Prepared by: The Joint Ore Reserves Committee of The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and Minerals Council of Australia (JORC).
5. Numbers are rounded to reflect the fact that an Estimate of Resources is being reported. Rounding of numbers may result in differences in calculated totals and averages. All tonnes are metric tonnes.
6. Open pit mining assumes a Cu price of US$9000 per tonne with 85% payability on metal in concentrate. Pit optimisation and cut-off grade selection was based on the assumption of 85% recovery of total Cu, including the acid soluble component, by flotation at $14/t plus $1.5/t G&A. Mining costs were assumed as $3/t. Underground mining was based on the same assumptions with a mining cost of $40/t.
7. Pit slopes were assumed as 40 degrees in overburden and 50 degrees in fresh rock. No geotechnical studies have been completed to support this assumption and the requirement for shallower pit slopes may serve to materially reduce the open pit mineral resource.
8. The Mineral Resource Estimate set out above was based on the wireframe interpretation of the mineralised massive shale, lower dolomite, BC and C quartzites of the "Ore" Formation of the Lower Roan stratigraphy. Mineralisation is interpreted to dip in the limb of a syncline to the northeast by 30-40 degrees with locally shallower sections.
9. The block size was 20 mE x 20 mN x 2 mZ in the area of closest spaced drilling covering the open pit resource area (1/2 to 1/3 of drill spacing). In areas of more sparse drilling including most of the underground resource the block size was 60 mE x 60 mN x 6 mZ (1/2 to 1/3 of drill spacing).
10. Grades were estimated using Ordinary Kriging of 2m downhole composites, no grade capping was deemed necessary. An incrementally larger search radius of 100, 200 and 300 m was used. The maximum number of samples per search was restricted to 18 maximum and samples per drillhole restricted to 2 in the area of 2 mZ blocks, elsewhere there was no restriction in the number of samples per drillhole. Discretisation was 5x5x2. The estimate was completed using Micromine 2023.1 software.
11. Mineralisation ranges from approximately 30 to 160m below surface in the open pit resource and is approximately 550m along strike to the southwest and 150m down dip to the northeast. Elsewhere the resource ranges up to 250 to 300m below surface with an additional strike length of 1200m extending down dip 300 to 500m.
12. The mineral resource is closed off by drilling and as it nears surface to the northwest and southwest. Down dip to the northeast mineralisation may continue and it has been extrapolated by ~50m from the edge of drilling, were further mineralisation to be present here it would likely only be amenable to underground mining due to the high stripping ratios to the northeast. To the southeast where the deposit is deepest further mineralisation has been identified at depths 250-300m, however drilling is too sparse to infer continuity and allow reporting of a mineral resource.
The technical information in this release has been reviewed by Mr R. J. Siddle, MSc, MAIG Principal Resource Geologist for Addison Mining Services Ltd. Mr. Siddle is an independent Competent Person within the meaning of the JORC (2012) code and a Qualified Person under the AIM rules, having over 15 years' experience in the industry. Mr. Siddle has reviewed and verified the technical information that forms the basis of, and has been used in the preparation of, the Mineral Resource Estimate and this announcement, including analytical data, drilling logs, QC data, density measurements, and sampling. Mr. Siddle consents to the inclusion in this announcement of the matters based on the information, in the form and context in which it appears.
Glossary
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"acid soluble" |
Essentially the oxidised component of the mineralised body which is soluble in 5% sulphuric acid solutions |
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"Inferred Resource" |
That part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade (or quality) are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. Geological evidence is sufficient to imply but not verify geological and grade (or quality) continuity. It is based on exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. |
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"Kriging" |
Geostatistical process to extrapolate numerical values from samples into areas of no data |
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"Mineral Resource" |
A concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the earth's crust in such form and quantity that there are reasonable and realistic prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, continuity, and other geological characteristics of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated from specific geological evidence and knowledge, or interpreted from a well-constrained and portrayed geological model. |
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"PQ" & "HQ" |
Referring to different drill core diameters, 85mm & 63.5mm respectively |
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"t/m3" |
Tonnes per cubic metre |
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"$/t" |
US dollars per tonne |
You can also follow Galileo on Twitter: @GalileoResource
For further information, please contact: Galileo Resources PLC
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Colin Bird, Chairman |
Tel +44 (0) 20 7581 4477 |
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Beaumont Cornish Limited - Nomad Roland Cornish/James Biddle |
Tel +44 (0) 20 7628 3396 |
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Novum Securities Limited - Joint Broker Colin Rowbury /Jon Belliss |
+44 (0) 20 7399 9400 |
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Shard Capital Partners LLP - Joint Broker Damon Heath |
Tel +44 (0) 20 7186 9952 |
The information contained within this announcement is deemed by the Company to constitute inside information as stipulated under the Market Abuse Regulations (EU) No. 596/2014 as it forms part of UK Domestic Law by virtue of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 ("UK MAR").
This information is provided by RNS, the news service of the London Stock Exchange. RNS is approved by the Financial Conduct Authority to act as a Primary Information Provider in the United Kingdom. Terms and conditions relating to the use and distribution of this information may apply. For further information, please contact [email protected] or visit www.rns.com.
END
(Criteria in this section apply to all succeeding sections.)
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Sampling techniques |
· Nature and quality of sampling (eg cut channels, random chips, or specific specialised industry standard measurement tools appropriate to the minerals under investigation, such as down hole gamma sondes, or handheld XRF instruments, etc). These examples should not be taken as limiting the broad meaning of sampling. · Include reference to measures taken to ensure sample representivity and the appropriate calibration of any measurement tools or systems used. · Aspects of the determination of mineralisation that are Material to the Public Report. · In cases where 'industry standard' work has been done this would be relatively simple (eg 'reverse circulation drilling was used to obtain 1 m samples from which 3 kg was pulverised to produce a 30 g charge for fire assay'). In other cases more explanation may be required, such as where there is coarse gold that has inherent sampling problems. Unusual commodities or mineralisation types (eg submarine nodules) may warrant disclosure of detailed information. |
· Sampling of Galileo 2022 drilling and resampled legacy core was by sawn 1/4 HQ core. · Samples were prepared at SGS Kalulushi by dry crushing to 90% passing 2.36 mm, 1 kg split pulverized to 85% passing 75 µm. · Routine internal and external quality control samples in the for of certified reference materials were inserted and found to perform adequately. · Sampling was typically 1 m in length with variation to meet lithological contacts.
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Drilling techniques |
· Drill type (eg core, reverse circulation, open-hole hammer, rotary air blast, auger, Bangka, sonic, etc) and details (eg core diameter, triple or standard tube, depth of diamond tails, face-sampling bit or other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what method, etc). |
· All drilling by Galileo was HQ diamond drilling with PQ in overburden. · Legacy drilling was diamond drilling with core sizes approximately equal to NQ or HQ. |
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Drill sample recovery |
· Method of recording and assessing core and chip sample recoveries and results assessed. · Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the samples. · Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material. |
· All Galileo drilling was logged for core recovery. Mean total core recovery was >95% · Shorter drill runs were used in broken ground to improve recovery. · No relationship was identified between recovery and grade. · Details of legacy drilling are unknown relogged core inspected from legacy drilling showed mean recover7 of 75% for 30 holes logged. Although some core may have been lost in storage. |
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Logging |
· Whether core and chip samples have been geologically and geotechnically logged to a level of detail to support appropriate Mineral Resource estimation, mining studies and metallurgical studies. · Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel, etc) photography. · The total length and percentage of the relevant intersections logged. |
· All Galileo drilling was geotechnically and geologically logged. · 30 Historic drillholes were geotechnically and geologically relogged. · Of the legacy drillholes Thirty-four Drillholes have no geology Log, while 968.86 Meters of missing intervals have not been logged in drillholes with logging elsewhere in the drillhole. |
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Sub-sampling techniques and sample preparation |
· If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all core taken. · If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split, etc and whether sampled wet or dry. · For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample preparation technique. · Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximise representivity of samples. · Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in situ material collected, including for instance results for field duplicate/second-half sampling. · Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grain size of the material being sampled. |
· Galileo and resampled legacy core was sawn. Inspection of historical core shows it was saw and half core sampled. · 2.1% Field duplicates were taken during Galileo drilling and showed good precision. · No duplicate data is available for legacy core. |
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Quality of assay data and laboratory tests |
· The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and laboratory procedures used and whether the technique is considered partial or total. · For geophysical tools, spectrometers, handheld XRF instruments, etc, the parameters used in determining the analysis including instrument make and model, reading times, calibrations factors applied and their derivation, etc. · Nature of quality control procedures adopted (eg standards, blanks, duplicates, external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (ie lack of bias) and precision have been established. |
· During 2022 Diamond Drilling Galileo collected 1874 quarter core samples (including field duplicates) and inserted 118 control samples (78 SRMs and 40 blanks), which respectively represents 4.2% and 2.1% of the whole sample population. · The resampling program included 5% CRM and 5% blank insertion. · 2.1% Field duplicates were taken during Galileo drilling and showed good precision. · 30 drillholes from legacy drilling were checked with PXRF and the results showed a strong correlation to legacy assay results. · No bias has been identified. |
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Verification of sampling and assaying |
· The verification of significant intersections by either independent or alternative company personnel. · The use of twinned holes. · Documentation of primary data, data entry procedures, data verification, data storage (physical and electronic) protocols. · Discuss any adjustment to assay data. |
· Relogging and PXRF analysis of 30 historic drillholes has confirmed the presence of significant intercepts. · Galileo drilling twinned 5 drillholes and showed good correlation with legacy drillholes. · Galileo assay data was imported into a relational database and merged by query from the digital certificates. · Historic procedures are unknown |
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Location of data points |
· Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drill holes (collar and down-hole surveys), trenches, mine workings and other locations used in Mineral Resource estimation. · Specification of the grid system used. · Quality and adequacy of topographic control. |
· Galileo drilling was surveyed by DGPS, 4 legacy drillhole collars were located in the field and surveyed by DGPS. The collar locations are within close agreement (<1m) · Data was collected in WGS84 UTM 35s and transformed to ARC50 UTM35s · A topographic survey was completed over the open pit resource are using DGPS and is adequate for the study. · Details of legacy survey are unknown.
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Data spacing and distribution |
· Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results. · Whether the data spacing and distribution is sufficient to establish the degree of geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve estimation procedure(s) and classifications applied. · Whether sample compositing has been applied. |
· Drillhole spacing is ~50 m in the area of the open pit resource estimate and 75 to 100 m in the underground resource area. · Else where data spacing is 150 to 200 m · Data spacing is close enough to establish geological continuity in the open pit resource area and underground resource area. · In the wider spaced drilling areas there is insufficient data density for reliable resource estimation. |
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Orientation of data in relation to geological structure |
· Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased sampling of possible structures and the extent to which this is known, considering the deposit type. · If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the orientation of key mineralised structures is considered to have introduced a sampling bias, this should be assessed and reported if material. |
· All drilling is vertical. The mineralization is inclined to the northeast by ~30 degrees, locally it can be flat or up to 45 degrees. · The orientation of drilling is not assumed to have introduced a sample bias. |
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Sample security |
· The measures taken to ensure sample security. |
· Samples were transported by company personnel to the lab in labelled bags. Lab standard submission forms were used. |
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Audits or reviews |
· The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and data. |
· No such reviews have been completed. |
(Criteria listed in the preceding section also apply to this section.)
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Mineral tenement and land tenure status |
· Type, reference name/number, location and ownership including agreements or material issues with third parties such as joint ventures, partnerships, overriding royalties, native title interests, historical sites, wilderness or national park and environmental settings. · The security of the tenure held at the time of reporting along with any known impediments to obtaining a licence to operate in the area. |
· Galileo has entered into a Joint Venture agreement with Statunga Investments Limited ("Statunga" or "the Vendors"), a private Zambian company which holds the Luansobe Project ("Project") comprising small-scale exploration licence No. 28340-HQ-SEL in the Zambian Copperbelt. · The JV Agreement provides Galileo the right to earn an initial 75% interest in a special purpose joint venture company to be established under Zambia law to, with Ministerial consent, acquire the exploration licence and the technical data related to the Luansobe Project by making two payments of US$200,000 each (subject to project due diligence) by 20 February 2022 and issuing 5,000,000 Galileo shares to the Vendors. · The licence is granted for 4 years from 16th of February 2021 |
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Exploration done by other parties |
· Acknowledgment and appraisal of exploration by other parties. |
· 78 drillholes completed in 2006-2007 by previous operators Z.C.C.M. Ltd plus 86 other historical drillholes completed by Roan Consolidated Mines Ltd in 1950 to 1970 were used in the estimate, 30 of which were re-logged by independent consultants Geoquest on behalf of Galileo. |
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Geology |
· Deposit type, geological setting and style of mineralisation. |
· The Luansobe area is situated some 15km to the northwest of the Mufulira Mine in the Zambian Copperbelt which produced well over 9Mt of copper metal during its operation. It forms part of the northwestern limb of the northwest - southeast trending Mufulira syncline and is essentially a strike continuation of Mufulira, with copper mineralisation hosted in the same stratigraphic horizons. At the Luansobe prospect mineralisation occurs over two contiguous zones, dipping at 20-30 degrees to the northeast, over a strike length of about 3km and to a vertical depth of at least 1,250m. |
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Drill hole Information |
· A summary of all information material to the understanding of the exploration results including a tabulation of the following information for all Material drill holes: o easting and northing of the drill hole collar o elevation or RL (Reduced Level - elevation above sea level in metres) of the drill hole collar o dip and azimuth of the hole o down hole length and interception depth o hole length. · If the exclusion of this information is justified on the basis that the information is not Material and this exclusion does not detract from the understanding of the report, the Competent Person should clearly explain why this is the case. |
· No exploration results are presented in this announcement. |
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Data aggregation methods |
· In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, maximum and/or minimum grade truncations (eg cutting of high grades) and cut-off grades are usually Material and should be stated. · Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high grade results and longer lengths of low grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated and some typical examples of such aggregations should be shown in detail. · The assumptions used for any reporting of metal equivalent values should be clearly stated. |
· No exploration results are presented in this announcement. |
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Relationship between mineralisation widths and intercept lengths |
· These relationships are particularly important in the reporting of Exploration Results. · If the geometry of the mineralisation with respect to the drill hole angle is known, its nature should be reported. · If it is not known and only the down hole lengths are reported, there should be a clear statement to this effect (eg 'down hole length, true width not known'). |
· No exploration results are presented in this announcement. |
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Diagrams |
· Appropriate maps and sections (with scales) and tabulations of intercepts should be included for any significant discovery being reported These should include, but not be limited to a plan view of drill hole collar locations and appropriate sectional views. |
· No exploration results are presented in this announcement. |
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Balanced reporting |
· Where comprehensive reporting of all Exploration Results is not practicable, representative reporting of both low and high grades and/or widths should be practiced to avoid misleading reporting of Exploration Results. |
· No exploration results are presented in this announcement. |
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Other substantive exploration data |
· Other exploration data, if meaningful and material, should be reported including (but not limited to): geological observations; geophysical survey results; geochemical survey results; bulk samples - size and method of treatment; metallurgical test results; bulk density, groundwater, geotechnical and rock characteristics; potential deleterious or contaminating substances. |
· No exploration results are presented in this announcement. |
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Further work |
· The nature and scale of planned further work (eg tests for lateral extensions or depth extensions or large-scale step-out drilling). · Diagrams clearly highlighting the areas of possible extensions, including the main geological interpretations and future drilling areas, provided this information is not commercially sensitive. |
· Further drilling is required in areas of sparse data. · Improved structural interpretation of the Siniform structure at Luansobe will improve understanding of the deposit geometry.
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(Criteria listed in section 1, and where relevant in section 2, also apply to this section.)
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Database integrity |
· Measures taken to ensure that data has not been corrupted by, for example, transcription or keying errors, between its initial collection and its use for Mineral Resource estimation purposes. · Data validation procedures used. |
· Galileo sampling was imported into a relational database from digital certificates. · All data was validated for overlapping intervals, intervals beyond drillhole depth etc. |
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Site visits |
· Comment on any site visits undertaken by the Competent Person and the outcome of those visits. · If no site visits have been undertaken indicate why this is the case. |
· No site visit has been undertaken as a site visit was not requested by Galileo. |
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Geological interpretation |
· Confidence in (or conversely, the uncertainty of ) the geological interpretation of the mineral deposit. · Nature of the data used and of any assumptions made. · The effect, if any, of alternative interpretations on Mineral Resource estimation. · The use of geology in guiding and controlling Mineral Resource estimation. · The factors affecting continuity both of grade and geology. |
· The Mineral Resource Estimate set out above was based on the wireframe interpretation of the mineralized massive shale, lower dolomite, BC and C quartzites of the "Ore" Formation of the Lower Roan stratigraphy. · This allows correlation of the mineralized intervals. · Discrepancy in legacy logging was identified in places and drillholes relogged by Geoquest and drilling completed by Galileo was taken as priority during interpretation. |
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Dimensions |
· The extent and variability of the Mineral Resource expressed as length (along strike or otherwise), plan width, and depth below surface to the upper and lower limits of the Mineral Resource. |
· Mineralization ranges from approximately 30 to 160 m below surface in the open pit resource and is approximately 550 m along strike to the southwest and 150 m down dip to the northeast. Elsewhere the resource ranges up to 250 to 300 m below surface with an additional strike length of 1200 m extending down dip 300 to 500 m · The mineral resource is closed off by drilling and as it nears surface to the northwest and southwest. Down dip to the northeast mineralization may continue and it has been extrapolated by ~50m from the edge of drilling, were further mineralization to be present here it would likely only be amenable to underground mining due to the high stripping ratios to the north east. To the southeast where the despot is deepest further mineralization has been identified at depths 250-300 m, however drilling is too sparse to infer continuity and allow reporting of a mineral resource.
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Estimation and modelling techniques |
· The nature and appropriateness of the estimation technique(s) applied and key assumptions, including treatment of extreme grade values, domaining, interpolation parameters and maximum distance of extrapolation from data points. If a computer assisted estimation method was chosen include a description of computer software and parameters used. · The availability of check estimates, previous estimates and/or mine production records and whether the Mineral Resource estimate takes appropriate account of such data. · The assumptions made regarding recovery of by-products. · Estimation of deleterious elements or other non-grade variables of economic significance (eg sulphur for acid mine drainage characterisation). · In the case of block model interpolation, the block size in relation to the average sample spacing and the search employed. · Any assumptions behind modelling of selective mining units. · Any assumptions about correlation between variables. · Description of how the geological interpretation was used to control the resource estimates. · Discussion of basis for using or not using grade cutting or capping. · The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data to drill hole data, and use of reconciliation data if available. |
· The block size was 20 mE x 20 mN x 2 mZ in the area of closest spaced drilling covering the open pit resource area (1/2 to 1/3 of drill spacing). In areas of more sparse drilling including most of the underground resource the block size was 60 mE x 60 mN x 6 mZ (1/2 to 1/3 of drill spacing). · Grades were estimated using Ordinary Kriging of 2 m downhole composites, no grade capping was deemed necessary. An incrementally larger search radius of 100, 200 and 300 m was used. The maximum number of samples per search was restricted to 18 maximum and samples per drillhole restricted to 2 in the area of 2 mZ blocks, elsewhere there was no restriction in the number of samples per drillhole. Discretization was 5x5x2. The estimate was completed using Micromine 2022.5 software. · Mineralization is typically 4 to 10 m thick and mining by open pit with flitches of 2-5 m envisaged. · No extreme outlier values were identified and grade capping was not used. · A legacy estimate completed by ZCCM in 2008 disclosed an open pit resource estimate of 5.5 million tonnes at 1.6%TCu. The details of the estimate are unknown but broadly agrees with the findings of this study. · No assays are available for deleterious elements |
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Moisture |
· Whether the tonnages are estimated on a dry basis or with natural moisture, and the method of determination of the moisture content. |
· Tonnages are estimated on a dry basis. |
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Cut-off parameters |
· The basis of the adopted cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters applied. |
· Open pit mining assumes a Cu price of US$9000 per tonne with 85% payability on metal in concentrate. Pit optimization and cut off grade selection was based on the assumption of 85% recovery of total Cu, including the acid soluble component, by floatation at $14/t plus $1.5/t G&A. Mining costs were assumed as $3/t. Underground mining was based on the same assumptions with a mining costs of $40/t. |
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Mining factors or assumptions |
· Assumptions made regarding possible mining methods, minimum mining dimensions and internal (or, if applicable, external) mining dilution. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential mining methods, but the assumptions made regarding mining methods and parameters when estimating Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the mining assumptions made. |
· Open pit mining is assumed with 5% dilution. · 40 degree pit slopes in overburden with 50 degree slopes in fresh rock assumed. There are no geotechnical studies to support this. · Detailed underground mining methods have yet to be investigated. 5-10% dilution is assumed. |
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Metallurgical factors or assumptions |
· The basis for assumptions or predictions regarding metallurgical amenability. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider potential metallurgical methods, but the assumptions regarding metallurgical treatment processes and parameters made when reporting Mineral Resources may not always be rigorous. Where this is the case, this should be reported with an explanation of the basis of the metallurgical assumptions made. |
· No metallurgical testwork has been completed. · 85% recovery is assumed by floatation of all Cu bearing material. |
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Environmen-tal factors or assumptions |
· Assumptions made regarding possible waste and process residue disposal options. It is always necessary as part of the process of determining reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction to consider the potential environmental impacts of the mining and processing operation. While at this stage the determination of potential environmental impacts, particularly for a greenfields project, may not always be well advanced, the status of early consideration of these potential environmental impacts should be reported. Where these aspects have not been considered this should be reported with an explanation of the environmental assumptions made. |
· The project is located in a prominent mining area. No major settlements are within the immediate vicinity of the project. Adequate space is available for disposal of waste rock and tailings. · Social and environmental studies are required to assess the impact on local communities which may have an interest in the land use. |
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Bulk density |
· Whether assumed or determined. If assumed, the basis for the assumptions. If determined, the method used, whether wet or dry, the frequency of the measurements, the nature, size and representativeness of the samples. · The bulk density for bulk material must have been measured by methods that adequately account for void spaces (vugs, porosity, etc), moisture and differences between rock and alteration zones within the deposit. · Discuss assumptions for bulk density estimates used in the evaluation process of the different materials. |
· Galileo collected 234 bulk density samples over a range of lithologies. · Samples were weighed dry with and without wax and waxed samples submerged in water to account for porosity. · Density values in t/m3 used in the estimate are as follows · Massive shale 2.46 · Lower Dolomite 2.44 · BC Quartzite 2.50 · C Quartzite 2.50 |
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Classification |
· The basis for the classification of the Mineral Resources into varying confidence categories. · Whether appropriate account has been taken of all relevant factors (ie relative confidence in tonnage/grade estimations, reliability of input data, confidence in continuity of geology and metal values, quality, quantity and distribution of the data). · Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person's view of the deposit. |
· The estimate is based on a large proportion of legacy data, however relogging of legacy drill core from the 1970s and PXRF analysis has served to reduce the risk associated with this data. · In areas of closes spaced drilling and around the open pit resource area confidence in the estimation of mineralized volumes and grades is highest. However the CP has not visited the site to inspect the project geology and as such the estimate is restricted to the inferred category. · The presence of faulting or different fold geometry may serve to impact the resource estimate. · Logging of some legacy drill core is inconsistent with that of new drilling although re correlation is possible and should have minimal impact on the estimate. · There is no assessment of deleterious elements, acid consuming gangue or metallurgical testwork which further supports restriction to the inferred category. · Geotechnical pit slope analysis may serve to materially change the open pit resource estimate. |
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Audits or reviews |
· The results of any audits or reviews of Mineral Resource estimates. |
· The have been no such audits or reviews. |
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Discussion of relative accuracy/ confidence |
· Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and confidence level in the Mineral Resource estimate using an approach or procedure deemed appropriate by the Competent Person. For example, the application of statistical or geostatistical procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of the resource within stated confidence limits, or, if such an approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of the factors that could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate. · The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnages, which should be relevant to technical and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the procedures used. · These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be compared with production data, where available. |
· The estimate is local estimate and is accurate to those typical of an inferred estimate with errors of +/-30 on a local basis and +/- 20-30% on a global basis. |